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About Google Book Search Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world’s books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web atthtto: //books.gqoogle.com/ THE Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD Cyrus ADLER, PH.D. (Departments of Post) KAUFMANN KOHLER, PH.D. (Departments of Biblical Antiquities ; the Jews of America). Theology and Philosophy). GOTTHARD Deutsch, PH.D. (Department of HERMAN ROSENTHAL (Department of the Jews of History from 1492 to 1904). Russia and Poland ), RICHARD GOTTHEIL, PH.D. (Departments of Flistory from Lzra to 1492; History of Post- Talmudic Literature). Emit G. Hirscu, Pu.D., LL.D. (Department of ISIDORE SINGER, PH.D. (Department of Modern the Bible). Biography from 1750 to 1904). JoserpH Jacons, B.A. (Departments of the Jews CRAWFORD H. Toy, D.D., LL.D. (Departments of England and Anthropology; Revising Editor). of Hebrew Philology and Hellenistic Literature), SOLOMON SCHECHTER, M.A., Lirt.D. (Depar?- ment of the Talmud). ISAAC K. FONK, D.D., LL.D. FRANK H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A. Chairman of the Board Secretary of the Board WILLIAM Popper, M.A., Pu.D. Associate Revising Editor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS COMPLETE IN TWELVE VOLUMES EMBELLISHED WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON Hosted by Google Hosted by Google hee THE MODERN NAMES ARE _GIVEN IN PARENTHESES. Rakko 5 { Tel at-Rekhkets JOPPA { Yafo THE Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Cyrus ADLER, PH.D. (Departments of Post- Biblical Antiquities ; the Jews of America). WILHELM BACHER, PH.D. (Departments of the Talmud and Rabbinical Literature). GOTTHARD DEuTSCH, PH.D. (Department of History from £492 to 1905). RICHARD GOTTHEIL, PH.D. (Departments of ffistory from Ezra to 1492; History of Post- Lalmudic Literature). Emit G, Hirscn, Pu.D., LL.D. (Department of the Bible). ISAAC K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. Chairman of the Board FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD JosEPH JacoBs, B.A. (Departments of the Jews of England and Anthropology; Revising Editor). KAUFMANN KOHLER, PH.D. Lheology and Philosophy). (Departments of HERMAN ROSENTHAL (Department of the Jews of Russia and Poland ). ISIDORE SINGER, PH.D, (Department of Modern Biography from 1750 to 1905). CRAWFoRD H. Toy, D.D., LL.D. (Departments of flebrew Philology and Flellenistic Literature). FRANK H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A. Secretary of the Board WILLIAM Popper, M.A., PH.D. Associate Revising Editor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS NEW YORK VOLUME IX MORAWCZY K—PHILIPPSON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY Au) LON DOWN COPYRIGHT, 1905, 1909, 1912, BY FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY All rights of translation reserwed Registered at Stationers’ Hall, London, England ! Printed in the United States of America | LITERARY DIRECTORATE EDITORIAL BOARD CYRUS ADLER, Ph.D. (Departments of Post-Biblical Antiquities and the Jews of America.) President of the American Jewish Historical Society ; Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D, C. WILHELM BACHER, Ph.D. (Departments of the Talmud and Rabbinical Literature.) Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Budapest, Hungary. GOTTHARD DEUTSCH, Ph.D. (Department of History from 1492 to 1906.) Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Editor of ** Deborah.”’ RICHARD GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (Departments of History from Ezra to 1492 and History of : Post-Talmudic Literature.) Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York ; Chief of the Oriental Department, New York Publie Library, EMIL G. HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the Bible.) Rabbi of Chicago Sinai Congregation, Chicago, I11.; Professor of Rabbinical Literature ana Philosophy, University of Chicago: Editor of ** The Reform Advocate.” JOSEPH JACOBS, B.A. (Departments of the Jews of England and Anthropology : Revising Editor.) Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England 3 Author of ** Jews of Angevin Fngland,”’ etc. KAUFMANN KOHLER, Ph.D. (Departments of Theology and Philosophy.) President of Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Beth-El, New York. HERMAN ROSENTHAL. (Department of the Jews of Russia and Poland.) Chief of the Slavonic Department, New York Public Library. ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. MANAGING EDITOR. (Department of Modern Biography from 1750 to 1906.) CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY, D.D., LL.D. (Departments of Hebrew Philology and Hellenistic Literature.) Professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, Cambridge, Masp.: Author of ** The Religion of Israel,” ete. I. K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. (Chairman of the Board.) Editor-in-Chief of the STANDARD DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, ete. FRANK H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A. (Secretary of the Board.) Associate Editor of the STANDARD DicTionahRy; Author of ‘be Preparation of Manuscripts for the Printer,” ete. WILLIAM POPPER, M.A., Ph.D. (Associate Revising Editor; Chief of the Bureau of Translation.) Instructor in Semitic Languages, University of California, Ber- keley, Cal.; Author of ‘** The Censorship of Hebrew Books.” AMERICAN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORS BERNARD DRACHMAN, Ph.D., Rabbi of the Congregation Zichron Ephraim; Instructor in the Bible and in Hebrew Grammar, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York. B. FELSENTHAL, Ph.D., Rabbi Emeritus of Zion Congregation, Chicago, Il.; Author of ‘A Practical Grammar of the Hebrew Language.” GUSTAV GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (DECEASED), Late Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Emanu-El, New York. HENRY HYVERNAT, D.D., Head of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Literatures, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. MARCUS JASTROW, Ph.D. (DECEASED), Late Rabbi Emeritus of the Congregation Rodef Shalom, Phila- delphia, Pa.; Author of ‘‘ Dictionary of the Talmud.” MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Librarian in the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Author of ‘* Re- ligion of the Babylonians and Assyrians,” ete. J. FREDERIC McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto, Canada: Author of ‘* History, Prophecy, and the Monuments.” H. PEREIRA MENDES, M.D., Rabbi of the Shearith Israel Congregation (Spanish and Porty guese), New York; President of the Board of Jewish Ministers, New York. MOSES MIELZINER, Ph.D., D.D. (DECEASED), Late President of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Author of ** Introduction to the Talmud.” vi LITERARY DIRECTORATE GEORGE F. MOORE, M.A., D.D., SOLOMON SCHECHTER, M.A., Litt.D., Professor of Biblical Literature and the History of Religions | President of the Faculty of the Jewish Theological Seminary of in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Author of America, New York > Author of “Studies in Judaism.” ‘A Commentary on the Book of Judges,” ete. JOSEPH SILVERMAN, D.D., President of Central Conference of American Rabbis; Rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, New York. Rabbi of the Congregation B'ne Israel; Professor of Homiletics, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; President of JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D., Hebrew Sabbath Seboo!] Union of America. Rabbi of the Congregation Emanu-Fl, sen Franciseo, Cal: Pro- fessor of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Uii- versity of California, Berkeley, Cal. DAVID PHILIPSON, D.D., IRA MAURICE PRICE, B.D., Ph.D., Professor of Semitie Languages and Literatures, University of EDWARD J. WHEELER, M.A., Chicago, Ill.; Author of ** The Monuments and Editor of ** The Literary Digest,’ New York; Author of ** Stories the Old Testament,” ete. in Rhyme,” ete. FOREIGN BOARD OF CONSULTING EDITORS ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A., MORITZ LAZARUS, Ph.D. Coeditor of ‘* The Jewish Quarterly Review *’; Author of ‘* Jew- . (DECEASED), ish Life in the Middle Ages,’ etc.; Reader in Talmudic, Late Professor Emeritus of Psyehology, University of Berlin; Cambridge University, England. Meran, Austria. ANATOLE LEROY-BEAULIEU, Member of the Institut de France; Professor at the Free Schoo) of Political Science, Paris, France; Author of “Tsrall chez Jes Nations.’ ISRAEL LEVI, M. BRANN, Ph.D., Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary, Breslau, Ger- many: Editor of ‘* Monatsschrift fiir Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums.”’ H. BRODY, Ph.D., Professor in the Jewish Theological Seminary ; Editor of Rabbi, Nachod, Bohemia, Austria; Coeditor of ‘* Zeitschrift fir * Revue des Etudes Juives.? Paris, France. Hebraische Bibliographie.”’ EUDE LOLLI, D.D. (DECEASED), rae an nae eee ; Late Chief Rabbi of Padua; Late Professor of Hebrew at the Principal of the Jewish ik Seminary, Constantinople, University, Padua, Italy. Turkey. : IMMANUEL LOW, Ph.D. HARTWIG DERENBOURG, Ph.D. ; Chief Rabbi of Szegedin. Himgary; Author of * pie Aramiiisehen Professor of Literal Arabic at the Special School of Oriental Pllauzennamen.” Languages, Paris ; Member of the Institut de France. S. H. MARGULIES, Ph.D., Principal of the Jewish Theological Seminary; Chief Rabbi of S. M. DUBNOW, Florence, Italy. Author of ** {storiya Yevreyev,’’ Wilna, Russia. | H. OORT, D.D., MICHAEL FRIEDL ANDER, Ph.D., | Professor of Hebrew Language and Archeology at the State University. Leyden, Holland. Principal of Jews’ College, London, England; Author of “The ‘ : ; Jewish Religion,” ete. ABBE PIETRO PERREAU, Formerly Librarian of the Reale Biblioteca Palatina, Parma, IGNAZ GOLDZIHER, Ph.D., Italy. Professor of Semitic Philology, University of Budapest, MARTIN PHILIPPSON, Ph.D., Hungary. Formerly Professor of History at the Universities of Bonn and M. GUDEM ANN, Ph.D., Brussels; President of the Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund, Berlin, Germany. SAMUEL POZNANSKI, Ph.D.,. Chief Rabbi of Vienna, Austria. BARON DAVID GUNZBURG, Rabbi in Warsaw, Russia. St. Petersburg, Russia. a ee E. SCHWARZFELD, LL.D., A. DE HARKAVY, Ph.D., Secretary-General of the Jewish Colonization Association, Paris, Chief of the Hebrew Department of the Imperial Public Library, de St. Petersburg, Russia. LUDWIG STEIN, Ph.D., Professor of Philosophy. University of Bern, Switzerland; Editor ZADOC KAHN, of ** Arehiv fiir Geschichte der Philosophie,” ete. abbi of France; Honora sident i Chief Rabbi of France norary President of the Alliance HERMANN L. STRACK, Ph.D., Israélite Tniverselle; Officer of the Legion of Honor. Paris, France. Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, University of Berlin, Gerniany. M. KAYSERLING, Ph.D., CHARLES TAYLOR, D.D., LL.D., Rabbi, Budapyst, Hungary; Corresponding Member of the | Master of St. John’s College. Cambridge. England; Editor of Royal Academy of History, Madrid, Spain. * Sayings of the Jewish Fathers.’ ete. SYSTEMS OF TRANSLITERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES * A.—Rules for the Transliteration of Hebrew and Aramaic. 1, AJl important names which occur in the Bible are cited as found in the authorized King James version : ¢.g., Moses, not Mosheh; Isaac, not Yizhak; Saul, not Sha’ul or Shatil; Solomon, not Shelomoh, etc. 2, The spellings of names that have gained currency in English books on Jewish subjects, or that have become familiar to English readers, are generally retained ; cross-references are given when topics are treated under forms transliterated according to the system tabulated below. 3. Hebrew subject-headings are transcribed according to the scheme of transliteration ; cross-refer- ences are made as in the case of personal names. A. The following system of transliteration has been used for Hebrew and Aramaic: x Not noted at the beginning or the end of a word ; otherwise’ or by dieresis; eg., peer or Meir. 5 6b , 2 G l B (with dugesh), p w sh 1 9g mh Dm 5 (without dagesh), f ays 1 da bt 2” ¥ 2 nt nih yy Ds pk ) , w 3k ys 79T NOTE: The presence of dagesh lene is not noted except in the case of £. Dagesh forte is indi- cated by doubling the letter. 5. The vowels have been transcribed as follows: — (kamez) a —Uu =— a —r @ 7 Jo — (kamez hatuf} o = € ue acres. <2 14 rae 2, mere 8 1 U The so-called ‘*‘ Continental” pronunciation of the English vowels is implied. 6, The Hebrew article is transcribed as ha, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the following letter. [Not hak-Kohen or hak-Cohen, nor Rosh ha-shshanan. | B.—Rules for the Transliteration of Arabic. A. All Arabic names and words, except sueh as have become familiar to English readers in other forms. as Mohammed, Koran, mosque, are transliterated according to the following system : , See x above C kh u sh e qh Wy 2 b od ues of oF ct gh wei ae gw wh th Jr bf wey aed (ae) J 2 I; z J}! rain LM s i em 2. Only the three vowels —a, i, u—are represented : “a sear | eee) No account has been taken of the imalah ; t has not been written e, nor wu written o. ae In ali other matters of orthography the spelling preferred by the Stanparp Dictionary has usually been followed. Typo. eraphical exigencies have rendered occasional deviations from these systems necessary. vill SYSTEMS OF TRANSLITERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES 3%. The Arabic article is invariably written al, no account being taken of the assimilation of the 1 to the following letter; e.g., Abu al-Salt, not .ibu-l-Salt; Najis al-Daulah, not Nafis ad-Daulah. The article is joined by a hyphen to the following word. 4, At the end of words the feminine termination is written ah; but when followed by a genitive, at; e.g., Risalah dhat al-Kursiyy, but H?at al-Aflak, &. No account is taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguish the cases; e.g., ‘Amr, not ‘Amru or ‘Amrun; Ya‘kub, not Ya‘kubun; or ina title, Kitab al-Amanat wal-I‘tikadat. C.—Rules for the Transliteration of Russian. All Russian names and words, except such as have become familiar to English readers in other forms, as Czar, Alexander, deciatine, Moscow, are transliterated according to the following system : Aa a Hu n Ubu shch BO v Oo 0 Db t mute Bs Vv Ii a ve BI wt Yy [r h,v, org Pp Y bs halfmute Xx ad Ce 8 BB ye Ke e and ye Tr t a9 e beginning. | JH & zh Vy U 10 yu 33 % ® I A A ya Wu li Z Xx kh ems F Kk k I «te Vv @ Ia d Wy ch Vi it i Mu m I sh Rules for the Citation of Proper Names, Personal and Otherwise. A. Whenever possible, an author is cited under his most specific name; e.g., Moses Nigrin under Nigrin; Moses Zacuto under Zacuto; Moses Rieti under Rieti; all the Kimhis (or Kambhis) under Aimhi; Israel ben Joseph Drohobiczer under Drohobiczer. Cross-references are freely made from any other form to the most specific one; e.g., to Moses Vidal from Moses Narboni ; to Solomon Nathan Vidal from Menahem Meirz; to Samuel Kansi from Samuel Astruc Dascola : to Jedaiah Penini from both Bederst and En Bonet; to John of Avignon from Moses de Roquemaure. 2, When a person is not referred to as above, he is cited under his own personal name followed by his official or other title ; or, where he has borne no such title, by ‘‘ of” followed by the place of his birth or residence; e.g., Johanan ha-Sandlar ; Samuel ha-Nagid ; Judah he-Hasid; Gershom of Metz; Isaac of Corbeil. 3. Names containing the words d’, de, da, di, van, von, y, of, ben, ha-, ibn* are arranged under the letter of the name following this word; e.g., de Pomis under Pomis, de Barrios under Barrios, Jacob d’Illescas under I@lescas. The order of topics is illustrated by the following examples : Abraham of Augsburg Abraham de Balnes Abraham ben Benjamin Aaron Abraham of Avila Abraham ben Baruch Abraham ben Benjamin Zeeb Abraham ben Azriel Abraham of Beja Abraham Benveniste * When Inn has come to be a specific part of a name, as Isn Ezra, stich name is treated in its alphabetical place under “I.” NotTE TO THE READER. Subjects on which further information is afforded elsewhere in this work are indicated by the use of capitals and small capitals in the text; as, ABBA ARIKA; PUMBEDITA; VOCALIZATION. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS fSelf-evident abbreviations, particularly those used in the bibliographies, are not included here. ] ab “he a Ee eee Abot de- Rabbi Natan AD. Farah... .. Abodah Zarah : ad 06 Se eee se at the place; to the passage cited «us tivaso eon aes in the year of the Hegira ane. ‘Zeit. des Jud.. Allgemeine Zeitung des J udenthums ANE. « Al. Jour. Semit. ( American Journal! of Saitle Taneuages Anglo dew. ‘Assoc. .Anglo-Jewish Association ADOC. er re .% ‘Apocal ypse APOCY serene ee ceeee Apocrypha Apes. Const.. .. Apustolical Constitutions fdr sud gen ee oees *Arakin (Talmud) a Cl ere are Archives Israélites ; Aronius, Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden Aronius, Regestén in Deutschland Oa Wee eee ae Das Alte Testament A Ws gegen aes ... Authorized Version The Coase ceeds ben or bar ov born. eeveovreverr ee Bacher, Ag. ‘pal. Bacher, Agada der Palastinensischen Amo- AMOTL ..--eeeeee { yiier ... Bacher, Agada der Tannaiten Be Bi eedisndeees ees Baba Batra (Talmud) BO csc cara cemn eye before the Christian era Bekives Kascse cack 625 Bekorot (Taimud) Benzinger, Arch.... Benzinger, Hebriische Archiologie Peleg tk ane wewee es Berakot (Talmud) Berliner . ee. x Festschrift zum 70ten Geburtstag Berliners schrift.. Berliner's - { Berliner’s Magazin fiir die Wissenschaft des Magazin. ......¢ Judenthums Bibl. Rab........... Bibliotheca Rabbinica Bikes dda eo wer Bikkurim (Talmud) Bias Pease ies ee eas Baba Kamma (Talmud) BM vavcises .Baba Mezi‘a (Talmud) Boletin Acad. Hist. Bote Rea] Academia de la Historia Brit. Mus.......... . British Museum eae a) Brall’s Jahrbiicher fiir Jidische Geschichte Briilt’s Jabrb... und Litteratur Bulletin All. Isr. «i seu of the Alliance Israélite Universelle OMe ee nace about Cant.. vereeees Canticles (Song of Solomon) Cat. Anglo-Jew. (Catalogue of Anglo-Jewish Historical Ex- Hist. Exh......4 hibition Cazés, Notes Bi- | Cazés, Notes Bibliographiques sur la Littéra- bliographiques . ture Jnuive-Tunisienne CE, eekesabe pris ..common era. Cis chaeaee ew ue eee chapter or chapters Cheyneand Black, ; Cheyne and sd aac elis oe : : Recueil des Travaux Rédigés en Mémoire vee ubilee OT Suoile Sclentitiquede M. Daniel Chwol- ves eaees | son, 1846-1896 Gule Apuriasios tues Corpus Inseriptionum Atticarum Citi: Gisiseyasss ..... Corpus Inscriptionum Greecarum C. 1. H.............. Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum OF el Dyan are ares Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Cel Picskae ey .. Corpus Insecriptionum Peloponnesi Oe Oe Pena wor ere Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum comp .. .eoee. COMpare Curinier, Dict. LE. E. Curinier, Dictionnaire National des NO ii cineet Baas $ Contemporains 1 cer roererne hentia slate died ee ce ee ee eee ee Deuteronomist De Gubernatis, { De Gubernatis, Dizionario Biografico degli Diz. Biog.......$ | Serittori Contemporanei De Gubernatis, {De Gubernatis, Dictionnaire International KerivainsduJour! des Ecrivains du Jour De le Roi, Juden-! De le Roi, Geschichte der Evangelischen Mission ....... .{ Juden-Mission Dem...... ed eieehbrs aces una oeee hac t la Gé De ¢, Hi Derenbourg, Essai sur l’Histoire et la Geo- renbourg, Hist. graphie de la Palestine, ete. De Rossi, Dizio-i De Rossi, Dizionario Storico degli Autori hario. .... teens Ebrei e ‘delle Loro Opere De Rossi-Ham-) De Rossi-Hamberger, Historisches Worter- berger, Hist.> bueh der Jiidischen Schriftsteller und Ww drterb. ease Ihrer Werke Driver, Introduc- | S. R. Driver, An Introduction to the Liter- : tion. ......... ature of the Vid Testament : Soete eae eed ... Elohist bec ilaye Minne ebile oo. Ecclesiastes cclus. (Sirach) -: .. Ecclesiasticus - ee ee ie Woe Rage edition duy ..‘Eduyot (Talmud) Eisenberg, Biog. Ludwig Eisenberg's Grosses Biographisches Lex... Lexikon der Deutschen Buhne im XIX. Piao Jahrhundert ; cye. Brit.. scien Ppeyclouscs Britannica St ee ooeeeee.. EDGLish es rr A rt een Heeres. Fpiphanius, Adversus Hereses 5 i tats orphans Sms aae *Eraubin (Talmud) ue and ( Ersehand Gruber, Allgemeine Encyklopadie Gruber, Encyc..{ der Wissenschaften und Kiinste PSG esa ph ae wee .. Esdras CEBC Oc ei oie and following Eusebius, Hist. Ecel. Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica Ewald, Gesch..... Ewaid, Geschichte des Volkes Israel Frankel, Mebo..... Frankel, Mebo Yerushalmi Fiirst, Bibl. Jud.... Fiirst, Bibliotheca Judaica Furst, ya = First, Geschichte des Kariierthums vn ae ; Gaster, Bevis Marks Memorial Volume | Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Geiger, Urschrift.< Bibel in [hrer Abhangigkeit von der In- neren Entwicklung des Judenthuims Geiger’s Jtidisehe Zeitschrift fiir Wissen- Geiger’s Jiid. Zeit. 4 = sebaft und Leben Geiger’s Wiss. ! Geiger’s Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Zeit. Jiid. Theol. { — Jiidische Theologie Gesch......-. pereaae Geschichte Gesenius. GP....... Gesenius, Grammar Gesenius, Th.......Gresenius, Thesaurus Gibbon, Decline «Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fail of and Fall,....... aus Roman Expire : ‘eo BY | Ginsburg’s New Massoretico-Critical Text Ginsburg’s Bible.. ) of the Hebrew Bible Git sawantecss casters Gittin (Talmud) Graetz, Hist........ Graetz, History of the Jews Gritz, Geseh.... (tae Geschichte der Juden Gidemann, Geschichte des Erziehungs- Gidemann.}” wosens und der Cultur der Abendlandi- Gesch........ - { Senencliden HAD savour waeaieee 4 Haggai Ae bose eeatenn sis Hagigah (Talmud) Hal es sews nies Hailah (Talmud) Hamburger, ‘Hamburger, Realencyclopiidie fiir Bibel eI Lice eet Pa ! und Talmud Hastings. ons c Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible Heb...... speed eeren Epistle to the Hebrews FOU ice S ec voestee bss Masoretic Text Herzog - Plitt or 4 Herzog- -Plitt or Herzog-Hauck, Real-Ency- Herzog - Hauek, - klopadie fiir Protestantische Theologie und Real-Encye..... {Kirche (2a eae a cartons pene 2 Balas : § Hirsch, Biographisches Lexikon der Hervor- Hirsch, Blog. Lex. ; ragenden Aerzte Aller Zeiten und Volker HOY v.45 aaeneaceenses »Horayot (Talmud) PU 5 eave towel oted Hullin (Talmud) Tio weun enc eee same place 1 1 a ee same author Isr. Letterbode..... Israelitische Letterbode J e-oedin Case chaecion eens Jahvist J aarboeken a keeee pe Jaarboeken voor de Israeliten in Nederland \ Jacobs, Inquiry into the Sources of Spanish- Jewish History Se Aneicaud | cJ acobs and Wolf, Bibliotheca Angilo-Judaica Jahrb. Gesch. der + Jahrbuch fiir die Geschiehte der Juden und Jacobs, Sources... DU ee icepentioks ; des Judenthums eos astrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, Tal- Jastrow, Dict... .4 mudim, and Midrashim Jellinek, B. H......Jellinek, Bet ha-Midrash Jew. Chron......... Jewish Chrovicle, London Jew. Encye........ The Jewish Encyclopedia Jew. Hist. Soc. Eng. Jewish Historical Society of England Jew. World ........6 Jewish World, London Josephus, Ant...... Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews Josephus, B. J......Josephus, De Bello Judaico Josephus, Centra Ap.Joseplius, Contra Apionem DOS Tg eerie aac eens . Joshua Jost’s Annulen..... Jost’s Israelitische Annalen Jour. Bib. Lit...... Journal of Biblical Literature y AD Revise aes aleae - Jewish Quarterly Review Ts Riel Sy sae uae. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society are ay eat woe Med ustin, Dialogus cum Tryphone Judzeo Kaufmann (e- { Gedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an David Kauf- denkbuch...... { mann Kautzseh, Apo- ¢ Kautzsch, Die Apokryphen und Pseudepi- kryphen....... { graphen des Alten Testaments Kayserling, Bibl. ; Kayserling. Biblioteca Espafiola-Portugueza- Esp.-Port.-Jud.. Judaica Kayserling. Die é | Kavser Repemeeaae™ yserling, Die Jiidischen Frauen in der ain Ciseen wee Geschichte, Literatur und Kunst Oath ious ade naan Ker... eeeeeeeueee NHEFitOt (Talmua) ROG eck wera ...s-eKetubot (Talmud) K.H.¢C 4 Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testa- ial ae nas i ment, ed. Marti Kid cess e ....--Kiddushin (Talmud) Kile ak ia ..eeeeeKilayim (Talmud) KAD Sec wictenidak seme Kinnim (Talmud) Kohut Memorial 1 Volume..... LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS y Semitic Studies in Memory of A. Kohut Krauss. Lehn- 2 Krauss, Griecbische wnd Lateinische Lehn- worter . worter im Talmud, Midraseb, und Tare i Kuenen, "Finlei- ! Kuenen, Historisch-Kritisehe Einleitung in Larousse, Dict... | 1 Cie ath ak ns aha tts Levy, Chal. J Worterbd........! Levy. Neuhebr. | Wiorterb........ Lewysohn, Z. T.... God chee beaten eoeee ok Low, Lebensalter : TN ace ase S ™ eerste? eeenheaeeee @vrewe@ees Ma ‘aS. ...ccsesecces Ma’ as. sh oeere eee Maece.. Maimonides, Moreh. Maimonides, Yad... Mak....... ere oi Maksh..........- ey Mas cece s tein aeendoes Massek ........ McClintock ia: Strong, Cyc... j Mea..... Puen rarer : NEO eet Ohare esse Mek...... eer ra MOR ace ae dates ae pay aks 2 M. ‘ ss iebete we ents Puts Monatsschbrift..... Mortara, Indice... Mitller, Frag. Hist. ¢ GER Cssas ene | Munk, Mélanges . ‘ Murray's Ung. Dict. TRA i fiia ibid ain NOU asa eatee's . INGE snk chess aites Neubauer, Cat. ¢ Bodl].Hebr. M&S, § Neubauer, G. y. és Neubauer, M. J.C... Oest. Wochensehrift. OD gic Moreh ates Pe OUR s praca aaaweed Orient, Lit.......... i Toei t59 hte eA RSs Pagel, Biog. Lex. ¢ Pal. Explor. Fund. Pallas Lex........-. die Biicher des Alten Testaments Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel du X1IXe Siecle in the place cited Targumim (Levy, Chalddisches Worterbuch tiber die Levy, Neuhebriliseches und Chaldiiisches Worterbueb tber die Talmudim und Mic- rasehim Lewysohn, Zoologie des Talmuds literally Léw, Die Lebensalter in der Jtidiseben Li- teratur Septuagint married .Ma‘aserot (Talmud) .Ma‘aser Sheni (Palmud) . Maccabees Maimonides, Moreh Nebukim Maimonides, Yad ha-Hazakah .Makkot (Tahnud) Makshirin (TaJmud) Masorah . Masseket “y) MeCtintock and Strong, Cyclopsedia of Bib- lical, Theological, and Eeclesiastical Liter- ature ..Megillah (Talmud) Me‘ilah (Talmud) ..-Mekilta Menahot (Talmud) Middot (Talmud) ... Midrash Midrash Tehillim (Psahns) Mikwa'ot (Talmud) Mo‘ed Katan (Talmud) senschaft des Judenthunis . Mortara, Indice Alfabeticn Miller, Fragmenta Historieorum Greco rum \ Monatsschrift fiir die Geschichte und Wis- Munk. Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe AH. Murray, A New English Dictionary Nazir (Falmud) ...no date Nedarim (Talinud) .. Nega‘ini Neubauer, Catalogue of the Tlebrew Mss in the Bodleian Library .Neubauer, Géographie du Talmud Neubauer, Mediwval Jewish Chrouicles no place of publication stated New Testament Oesterreichische Wochenschrift -Ohalot CPalmud) Onkelos Literaturblatt des Orients Old Testament Priestly Code Pagel, Biographisches Lexikon Hervorragen der Aerzte des Neunzehnten Jahrhundert .Palestine Exploration Fund Pallas Nagy Lexicon s Pauly-Wissowa, + Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyciopadie der Clas- Real-Enceve ..... 5 POS ois ava Pe@Sh. wwe nee POSIK os jay ko dois Pesik. Was itu sea he br Onna elses PUD oid eave Makes aan Ruhmer' s Jind. - Lit.-Blatt....... WOR ESE 4 dedacaes Ts ls: slant ac. eae as FRAN ED aeind vasnnare ROVE CSO asain Fee Pie ead Rivs, Estudios.... : Rios, Trist. ore esos 1 \ Ritter, Erdkunde. ; sischen A Itertumsw issenschaft Pesahim (Talnimd) .. Peshito, Peshitta Pesikta de-Rab Kabana Pesikta Rabh:ti . .Pirke Rabbi Eli*ezer Pr oceedings Publications Rab or Rabbi or Rabbah Rah mer’s Jidisches Litteratur-Blatt iaeay i Nadpisi Revue des Etudes Juives Revue Biblique Revue Sémitique Rosh ha-Shanah (Talmud) ; Amador de Jos Rios, Estudios Histéricos, Politicos y Literarios, etc. Judivs de Espatia y Portugal Ritter, Die Erdkunde im Verhaltnis zu Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen {Amnudor de jos Rios, Historia ... de los Er Robinson, Later ¢ Robinson, Later Biblical Researches in Pal- Researches \ estine and the Adjacent Regions .. . 185 ew! Nobinson, Ne-t Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine. searches \ Roest, Cat. i . osenthal. Bibl. 4 Mt. Sinai, and Arabia Petraea .. . 18388 Roest, Catalog der Hebraica und Jude ic: dus der L. Rosentbal’schen Bibliothek Revised Version Saifeld. Martyro- + Salfeld, Das Martyrologium des Ntirnberger in pheasants ‘ Memorbuches Sanb.......es Bribie. eon Sanhedrin (Talmud) Se a eee reese macred Books of the East Ss B.O.T ‘: (Sacred Books of the Old Testament) Poly- erry ey ee oe ree / chrome Bible, ed. Paul Haupt Sehafl-Herzog. Eneve Schaff- Herzog, A Religious Encyclopedia Schiller - Szinessy, ‘ Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts Pre- Cat. C ambridge + served in the University Library. Cambridge Senrader, (Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the C.1.0.T.......f Old Testament, Eng. transl. Sehrader, KoA. T. Aastha pan Keilinschriften und das Alte Tes- Sehrader, k. B..... Seer Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek cals - sSchrader, Keilinschriften und Geschichts- Sehrader, kK. G. F. forschung Schiirer, Geseh..... Schirer, (;eschichte des Jtidischen Volkes DET aire ate wala sae ae Semahot (Talmud) BTML S s.0eceaaeaencaton Shabbat (‘Falmud) SUC isdees sus ... shebiit (Talmud) Shebu ........000- . Shebu‘ot (Talmud) MOCK tise tide kueaeee Shekalim (Talmud) Sibyllines.......... SibyHine Books Smith, Rel. of Sem..Surith, Lectures on Meveion a Ae , RIND Are $ Transactions of the Society of Biblical Ar- soc. Bibl. Arch... f ehaeology : ; We Faitechr ; Stade’s Zeitschrift fiir die Alttestament- Stade’s Zeitschrift liche Wissenschaft Steinsehneider, { Steinsehnelder, Catalogue of the Webrew Cat. Bodl.......? Books in the Bodleian eyelets Pete * Steinschneider, Catalogus Codieum Hebre- Se Meee orum Bibliotheere Academie Lugduno- ee ea Batavae Stal + (Steinschneider, Die Hebraischen Hand- Peace ~ sechriften der K. Hof- und Staats-Biblio- ae Oey thek in Miinehen See. f - Steinschneider, Hebriische Bibliographie Steins sider, Steinschneidet - Steinschneider, Hebriische Uebersetzungen Hebr. Uebers... | e : > "1 Strack. Das Blut im Glauben und Aber- Strack, Das Blut.. 7" sanben der Mensehheit _— Se ae etal “4 .. sukkah (lalmud) Ce Renee ree ae pnader the word OY , cater ohe tas ows Tafanit Vfalmud) MN Dees ee eases eo aes ... Sanhuma Var@ ......-.-...-.- Dargumim ESTES ON oanrcasaa Targum Onkelos ‘Tare. Yer..... .... Targum Yerushalmi or Targum Jonathan PON owe eeeaiees ... Lemureh CValomud) ATG caca. ix Mere anes 2 rerunmot CPahund) Test. Patr. soi taceecte Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs EO Gaia aaiees Rao ee Tohorot TOS vce cv eee eee eee) LOSALOE POSTS 8 5 ok a Ne eset pie ares Tosefta Gk Geer crear ar aa .. Transactions tr ans sigue Iocan Bese e alte translation ‘Tristram, Nat. Hist.'Tristram, Natural History of the Bible sek esacns eaten d Tebul Yorn (Talmud) PEE asus wescomeaetqnt’s ‘Ukzin (ralmud) Wiis Tlic x rcs teqes Univers Israite Virechow’s Archiv fir Pathologische Anato- Virchow’s ee) mie und Physiologie, und fir hiinische Medizin Ves 5 8 58 ... Vulgate Weiss, Dor.......... Weiss, Dor Dor we-Dorshaw Wellhausen, / Wellhausen, Israelitisehe und Jiidische IJ. G........0. 6 Geschichte Winer, B. Reo... . Winer, Biblisches Realworterbuch WWASOM ig acer te o- Wisdom of Solomon Woif, Bibl. Hebr... Wolf, Bibliotheca Hebron W.ZKOM JS Wiener Zeitsehrift fur die Kunde des «ums wees" Morgentlandes VAG bie sans ee Yadavira Cialnud) ae (i arene ..... Yad ha-Hazukah beh) rae pi cweeened ARE YBa salsa Weed wre Vebamot (Talmud) VOR ce vwcedds ceeeee VEPUSHALME (Jerusalem Talmud) YHWH .... ecw eee ee Yahweh, Jehovai AN iat Bt odis eee Zabim (Talmud) Z.D.M.G ) Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandi- ae Mie she Mvesesere ) schon Gesellschaft Z.D.P.V..... .... 4eitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins ZEW cai sratc pas cathe Zebahim (Taimud) Zedner, Cat. Hebr. 1 Zedner, Catalogue of the Hebrew Books in Books Brit. Mus.) the British Museum. Zeit. ftir Assyr..... Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie Zeit. fir Hebr. BibL Zeitschrift fiir Hebraische Bibliographic Zeitlin, Bibl. Post-? Zeitlin, Bibliotheca Hebraica Post- wendels- Mendei!s....... 4 sohniana CUNZ Res ine aa Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften UDA, Go Vive ccs Zunz, Gottesdienstliche \ ortrage Zunz, Literatur- (| Zunz, Literaturgeschichte cer Synegoraien POSCH: ca ciacaice | ESIC a : ee 'Zunz. Die Ritus des Synagogalen Gottes- Zunz, Ritus...... eer ee ZN Ae Ss “Pizad sawn Zunz, Synagogale Poesie des Mittelalters Zung, 4 G.........- 4uuz, Zur Geschichte und Literatur CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME IX Bi csscceesess Cyrus Adler, Ph.D., President of the American Jewish Historical | Society: President of the Board of Directors of the Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- . ica: Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A. Be. eevee A. Beck, Ph.D., Lemberg, Galicia, Austria. A. Fe......5- Alfred Feilchenfeld, Ph.D., Principal of the Realschule, Firth, Bavaria, Germany. A. Geese: Adolf Guttmacher, Ph.D., Rabbi, Baltimore, Md. A. Ga.....-. Abraham Galante, Editor of *“‘La Buena Esperanza,’’? Smyrna, Asia Minor. A. H. C......A. Hyman Charlap, New York City. A. Ki........ Alexander Kisch, Ph.D., Rabbi, Prague, Bohemia, Austria, A. L......... Alfred Lévy, Chief Rabbi, Lyons, France. A. Lew...... Abraham Lewinsky, Ph.D., Chief Rabbi, Hildesheim, Hanover, Germany. A. M. F..... Albert M. Friedenberg, B.S., LL.B., Counselor at Laws New York City. An Piiouscsc Ae. Porter, Formerly Associate Editor of ‘* The Forum,” New York; Revising Editor ** Standard Cyclo- pedia,”’ New York City. Bi P 6: eet A. Peiginsky, Ph.D., New York City. Bi Ricexiexet A. Rhine, Rabbi, Hot Springs, Ark. Pia Sigs ccvaia's Abram Simon, Onuaha, Neb. A Sa Doccsas Abram S. Isaacs, Ph.D., Professor of Crerman Literature, University of the City of New York, New York City; Rabbi, Paterson, N. J. A.S.W...... A.S. Waldstein, B.A., New York City. A.S.W.R..A. S. W. Rosenbach, Philadelphia, Pa. A.V. W. J..A.V.W.Jackson, Ph.D.,Litt.D.,LL.D., Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages, Colum- bia University, New York City. By PSS ees B. Friedberg, Frank fort-on-the-Main, Germany. Be Mek. ek Budgett Meakin, London, England; Author of “‘The Moorish Empire.” Bi Putuietasa Bernhard Pick, Ph.D., D.D., Formeriy Pastor of St. John’s Lutheran Church, Albany, N. ¥.3 New York City. B.V..........B. Vajda, Rabbi, Bela Losones, Hungary. LCs O aneenrees Caspar Levias, M.A., Instructor in Exegesiseoc Talmudic Aramaic, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Obio. 0.1L. S....... Cyrus L. Sulzberger, President of the Jewish Agricultural and In- dustrial Aid Society, New York Qity. DD sete es ..... 0tthard Deutsch, Ph.D., Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Obio. 2 as We ee D. I. Freedman, B.A., Rabbi, Perth, Western Australia. D. M. H..... D. M. Hermalin, Formerly editor of the ** Jewish World,” New York ; Brooklyn, N. ¥. DP teases David Philipson, D.D., Rabbi, B’ne Israel Congregation ; Professor of Homileties, Hebrew Union College, Cincin- nati, Obio. D. S. Co..... D. S. Cohen, Counselor at Law, Portland, Ore. D.S. M...... David Samuel Margoliouth, Laudian Prufessor of Arabic, University of Oxford, England. D. Su........ David Sulzberger, Philadelphia, Pa. E. A......... Edouard André, Paris, France. BeAs ©. cee. E. A. Cardozo, Counselor at Law, New York City. His Crvetrinaced s Executive Committee of the Editorial Board. E. G. H......Emil G. Hirsch, Ph.D., LL.D., Rabbi, Sinai Congregation ; Professor of Rab- binical Literature and Philosophy, University of Chicago; Chicago, Ill. .... mdgar Mels, New York City. Bs Neicteisees Eduard Neumann, Ph.D., Chief Rabbi, Nagy-Kanisza, Hungary. E.N. C...... Edward N. Calisch, B.C., M.A., Rabbi, Richmond, Va. E.N.S...... Elvira N. Solis, New York City. E. Schr,.... E. Schreiber, Ph.D., Rabbi, Emanu-E] Congregation, Chicago, I]. E. Sl....... ... Slijper, Rabbi, Amsterdam, Holland. Py Baiextes ££. Blum, Ph.D., Rabbi, Muiblhausen, Alsace-Lorraine, Ger- many. ...Frank Cramer, B.Sc., New York City. F. H. V......Frank H. Vizetelly, F.S.A., Associate Editor of the * Columbian Cyclo- pedia’’ and of the STANDARD DICTIONARY ; New York City. F. L. C..... Francis L. Cohen, Chief Minister, Sydney, N.S. W., Australia. F.N.L...... Florence N. Levy, New York City. F.S. W...... Franklin S. Wilson, M.A., New York City. BD havens Frederick T. Haneman, M.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. Giiciai vo. Richard Gottheil, Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, Columbia University, New York; Chief of the Oriental Department, New York Public Library; New York City. G. A. B......George A. Barton, Ph.D., Professor of Biblical Literature and Semitic Languages, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pa. es Gerson B, Levi, New York City. G.D.R...... George D. Rosenthal, Electrical Engineer, St. Louis, Mo. Gy Be Ceessas G. Herbert Cone, Attorney at Law, Albany, N. Y. Gi Draws Goodman Lipkind, B.A., Rabbi, New York City. H. C.......... Henry Cohen, Rabbi, Galveston, Texas. H. G. E......H. G. Enelow, D.D., Rabbi, Congregation Adas Israel, Louisville, Ky. H.G. F......H. G. Friedmann, New York City. Hi; Risseivecs: Herman Rosenthal, Chief of the Slavonic Department of the New York Public Library, New York City. I. Be... .Lmmanuel Benzinger, Ph.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Uni- versity of Berlin, Germany; Jerusalem, Pal- estine. hs ; | ae ere Isaac Broydé (Office Editor), Doctor of the University of Paris, France; for- merly Librarian of the Alliance [sraélite Uni- verselle, Paris, France; New York City. I. D.......... Israel Davidson, Ph.D., New York City. I. E..........Ismar Elbogen, Ph.D., Instructor at the Lehranstalt fiir die Wissen- schaft des Judenthums, Berlin, Germany. I.G.D.,....1, George Dobsevage, New York City. deat Ignatio Guidi Professor of Hebrew Language and Seuwitic Philology, University of Rome, Italy. a ie & Ceres Isidore Harris, A.M., Rabbi, West London Synagogue, London, Engiand. _I. Kracauer, Ph.D., Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, .. Lsaac Lévy, Chief Rabbi, Bordeaux, France. PD AiO wat nauels Immanuel Low, Ph.D., Chief Rabbi, Szegedin, Hungary. LM. Ci siins I. M. Casanowicz, Ph.D., United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Le My Piccius Ira Maurice Price, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Litera- ture, University of Chicago, Chicago, Il. I, Wayr....... Isidor Warsaw, Rabbi, Woodville, Miss. J...seseee.... JOSEPH Jacobs, B.A., Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England; Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of History, Madrid; New York City. J. Ba.........Jules Bauer, Rabbi, Avignon, France. .. Josiah Cohen, Judge of the Orphans’ Court of Allegheny County, Pittsburg, Pa. J.D. E......d. D. Eisenstein, New York City. J. F. McC...J, Frederic McCurdy, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto, Canada, J.F. McL...J. F. McLaughlin, M.A., B. D., Professor of Oriental Languages and Litera- ture, Victoria College, Toronto, Canada. J. Co......- ii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME IX 7EEeang A ee Oo os Renee J. Friedmann, Ph.D., Rabbi. Gratz, Posen, Germany. 0. Gs Diccwzes J.G. Lipman, Ph.D., Assistant Agriculturist, New Jersey State Ex. periment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Ds Ehssavvnnede J. Hessen, Counselor at Law, St. Petersburg, Russia. J. H. G...... Julius H. Greenstone, Rabbi, Philadelphia, Pa. J. Hy Bosiiac Jacob H. Kaplan, Rabbi, Albuquerque, New Mexico. J. Hy........ J. Hyams, Bombay, India. .........Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. De Boeckeusad Joseph Krauskopf, Ph.D., Rabbi, Doylestown, Pa. J. Ka........ Jacques Kahn, Rabbi, Paris, France. J. Leu....... Joseph Leucht, Newark, N. J. J.L, M......J.L. Magnus, Ph.D., Rabbi, Brooklyn, N. Y. .--....0ulius Rappoport, Ph.D., Rabbi, Chicago, Il. J. So..... ... Joseph Sohn, Contributor to “*The New International En- eyclopedia”’; New York City. J.S.RB....... J.S. Raisin, Rabbi, Gemilut Chesed Congregation, Fort Gibson, Miss. J. Wi....... J. Wiener, Teacher, Pfalzburg, Alsace, Germany. J. Wo....... Josef Wohlstein, Ph.D., Rabbi, Malmo, Sweden. J.Z.L.......5. Z. Lauterbach, Ph.D. (Office Editor), Rabbi, New York City. woes aUfmann Kohler, Ph.D., Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Beth-El, New York; President of the Hebrew Union Col- lege, Cincinnati, Ohio. A ee > eee ae Ludwig Blau, Ph.D., Professor, Jewish Theological Seminary; Edi- tor of “Magyar Zsid6-Szemle,’? Budapest, Hungary, paisa Leo Back, Ph.D., Rabbi, Oppeln, Silesia, Germany, connie Louis E. Levy, Philadelphia, Pa. ......LOUis Ginzberg, Ph.D., Professor of Talmud, Jewish Theological Sem- inary of America, New York City; autbor of ** Die Haggada bei den Kirchenvitern,”’ etc. L......Louis Germain Lévy, Rabbi, Dijon, France. L. Ba... L. E. L. L. Gr.........Louis Grossman, D.D., Rabbi, Cincinnati, Ohio. LeGru.ciccs Lazarus Griinhut, Director, Orphan Asylum, Jerusalem, Pales- tine. Li Be Giiais: Louis H. Gray, Ph.D., Assistant Editor of the ** Orientalische Biblio- graphie’’; formerly on the editorial staff of “The New International Encyclopedia ’’; Newark, N. J. L. Hu....... L. Hiihner, A.M., LL.B., Counselor at Law, New York City. L. N. D. oot e .Lewis N. Dembitz, D.H.L., Counselor at Law, Louisville, Ky. L. V.........Ludwig Venetianer, Ph.D., Rabbi, Ujpest, Hungary. M. C.........M. Caimi, Corfu, Greece. M.Co........ Max Cohen, Counselor at Law, Yonkers, N. Y. CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME IX xiii CO YW. Ei..... ...Mathias Eisler, Ph.D., : Rabbi, Klausenburg, Hungary. M. Fi.......-- Maurice Fishberg, M.D., Surgeon tu the Beth Israel Hospital Dispen- sary; Medical Examiner to the United He- brew Charities, New York City. M. Fr....+--: M. Franco, Principal, Alliance Israélite Universelle School, Demotika, Rumelia, Turkey. wi. Gar...... M. Garsson, New York City. M. Gr........ M. Grunwald, Ph.D., Rabbi, Vienna, Austria. M. H. H.. ...M. H. Harris, Ph.D., Rabbi, Temple Israel, Harlem, New York City. M. J. K......Max J. Kohler, M.A., LL.B., Counselor at Law; Corresponding Secretary of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York City. M.K.......+. Meyer Kayserling, Ph.D., Rabbi, Budapest, Hungary; author of ‘* Ge- schichte der Juden in Portugal.” M. Lan...... Max Landsberg, Ph.D., Rabbi, Rochester, N. Y. M.L.B...... Moses Lob Bamberger, Ph.D., Rabbi; Lecturer in Rabbinic, Jewish Semi- nary, Wiirzburg, Bavaria, Germany. M. P......... Miksa Pollak, Ph.D., Rabbi, Oedenburg, Hungary. M.R......... Max Rosenthal, M.D., Visiting Physician, German Dispensary, New York City. M. Ra....... Max Raisin, Rabbi, Portsmouth, Ohio. M.S......... Moise Schwab, Ph.D., Librarian of the Hebrew Department at the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris, France. ....,, Max Schloessinger, Ph.D., Librarian and Lecturer on Biblical Exegesis, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Obio. M. Sel.,.....Max Seligsohn (Office Editor), Dovtor of the University of Paris, France; New York City. . Mayer Sulzberger, LL.D., President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, District of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. M. W. M....Mary W. Montgomery, Ph.D., New York City. M.W.R.....M.W. Rapoport, Lemberg, Galicia, Austria. M. Sc.. M. Su...... N.D.......... Newell Dunbar, Newark, N. J. N. E. B. E..N. E. B. Ezra, Shanghai, China, Ne Shiii esis: N. Slouschz, Doctor of the University of Paris; Lecturer on Neo-Hebraic Literature, University of Paris, France. _N. T. London, New York City. BiB rious .Philipp Bloch, Ph.D., Rabbi, Posen, Germany. P. Wi........Peter Wiernik, Journalist, New York City. S............. Isidore Singer, Ph.D., MANAGING EDITOR, New York City. S.D..........Simon Debré, Paris, France. ae nee S. Janovsky, Counselor at Law, St. Petersburg, Russia. Bide Dizssaigs S.J. Levinson, Brooklyn, N. Y. S.K..........5. Kahn Rabbi, Nimes, France. S. Kr........Samuel Krauss, Ph.D., Professor, Normal College, Budapest, Hungary. .S. Mendelsohn, Ph.D., Rabbi, Wilmington, N. C. S. Man......8. Mannheimer, B.L., Instructor, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio. S. Mdl.......S, Mandl, Ph.D., Rabbi, Neutitschin, Moravia, Austria. S.0..........Schulim Ochser, Ph.D., New York City. S. Pe.........5. Penn, Odessa, Russia. S.de R......Seymour de Ricci, Paris, France. S. S..........Solomon Schechter, M.A., Litt.D., President of the Faculty of the Jewish Theo- logical Seminary of America, New York City. S.Sa......... Sigismund Salfeld, Ph.D., Rabbi, Mayence, Hesse, Germany, S.S.W...... Stephen S. Wise, Ph.D., Rabbi, Portland, Ore. S. We........ Samuel Wessel, Rabbi, Sarajevo, Bosnia, Austria. dee eee Crawford Howell Toy, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. J had « Orne ee Theodor Kroner, Ph.D., Rabbi, Stuttgart, Wurttemberg, Germany. T. R.......... Théodore Reinach, Docteur és Lettres ; formerly President of the Société des Etudes Juives; Paris, France. .. Thomas Seltzer, Philadelphia, Pa. yO en, ree .... Jmberto Cassuto, Editor of “La Rivista Israelitica,’’ Florence, T. Se....... Italy. We CO wsciiies .Vittore Castiglione, Chief Rabbi, Rome, Italy. V5 Bivsassanes Victor Rousseau Emanuel, Laurel, Md. W.B......... Wilhelm Bacher, Ph.D., Professor, Jewish Theological Seminary, Buda- pest, Hungary. W.M. M....W. Max Muller, Ph.D., Professor of Bible Exegesis, Reformed Episco- pal Theologicai Seminary, Philadelphia, Pa. W.N........ Wilhelm Nowack, Ph.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Uni- versity of Strasburg, Germany. W.P......... William Popper, M.A., Ph.D., Gustay (Gottheil Lecturer in Semitic Lan- guages, Columbia University, New York City. Hosted by Google LIST OF [ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX N, B.—In the following list subjects likely to be sought for under various headings are repeated under each heading. Cross-references in this list are to other items in the list, not to articles in the Encyclopedia. PAGE Agrippa I., Bronze Coin Of, ek. cee ccc ce cece eee ere eects ec secre es hig, 17 of plate between 854-855 Alexander Jannweus, Bronze Coin of ........ cc cece cece eee eee Figs. 11 and 12 of plate between 354-355 Almemar of a Dutch Synagogue of the Eighteenth Century..... Beek at ies uervettal ies ene \ Ghile eee Gattaaa ae reed. SOE —_— of the Synagogue at Padua..... ee A59 —— of Temple Shearith Israel, New York ....... Ne face aee Oak Ave Sider Bie a RG AOE MO OI Ee Sores, LOO America: see NATIONAL Farm Scuoo.; NEW Onrenne: New YORK; NeWweont: PHILADELPHIA. Amulet; Cabalistic Charm si Scorpions Used by Moroccan Jews......... Le ee eee 24 Antipas, Herod, Bronze Coin Of isascoiiss4 ie ver eccee saree odeivvsse ee Bigs 18 of plate elie d04-355 Archelaus, Herod, Bronze Coin at ee ees ee ee ee es .. Fig. 16 of plate between 854-855 Archeology: see Musicians; Nipper; oN G wien nice: Architecture: see NEW ORLEANS; NEW York; NIKOLSBURG; PHILADELPHIA; SYNAGOGUES. Aristobulus I., Bronze Coin of. ccc e eect cere e ete et ce eeeeeccr es Lig, 10 of plate between 854-855 Art: see ARCHEOLOGY ; A ROnTENCT UR: NEN URGE IETS: OPPENHEIM, Moritz DANIEL; PASSOVER; PERIODICALS; TYPOGRAPHY. eee e en weet tee wor ae* Bove Peete Gee ev Fsvsvssteeseeteve* ee ee esee es ee eer eevee “* Aruk,” Page from the First Edition of the, Rome (?), Before 1480............0..... eT Ce ee eee 181 Auitooraphsot Moses ben MANOS ay. jieeiedwe. cae tines (54.06 RGe a aWee tae dues Eee eRe be peewee eN 13 Bar Kokba, Coins of ......... ee ge. rere aon .. Figs. 24-26 of plate between 354-355 Basel, Page from the Minster Edition of fe Hebrew Bible, Printed : I OOS Ab oe satcact owen heaae ous ORD Berber Jews from the Atlas Mountains........ ss Re eterdes cede eee eee ee aes ee ee ne thleba red. Cee Bible, Hebrew, Page from the Minster Edition of the, Basel, 1584.......... 0.0... ccc ce cece ee ee cence 113 —— —— Page from Stephanus Edition of the, Paris, 1548.0... 0... case cece e ee ee ee eet ee teen ees OBS — sce also NUMBERS. “Birkat Kohanim,” Music of ...... wile Tae! pbbsdlendd tie Bente ncece tenaize ui Niiat Arbaceaasa ke aneag Zarate vets fe eieiees Roast we eae tees SL Brooklyn, New York, Beth Talmud Torah..................00006 Ee Se CE ee eee ... 290 == Hebrew Orphan Asy Wiis db deivie wei te wendy ae teeomeesans ee eee here atv 259 —— —— Part of Cemetery of Temple ren El, Cypress Hills . da Rings kudha afueas Siaerneaiart. 2eO —— Part of Washington Cemetery...... il egestas Stage hedelee Seed cece teanen hee aware 288 Cemeteries: see NaGAsakl; NEw York; Newport; NiKoLsBuRG. Ceremonial: see CONFIRMATION; LAG BE-‘OMER; NEw Moon; NeEw-YEAR; ‘OMER TABLES; SABBATH BLeEssIna. Charm, Cabalistic, Against Scorpions Used by Moroccan Jews.......... PTO 8G thee he gens 24 Coins Current in Palestine (c. 500 B.c.-135 C.E. Data te, LP ates MeLcasee Meee aah wate’ plate between 354-3855 “Confirmation.” From a painting by Moritz Daniel i ania Saeed ceria ih ey Fare Meee eg Vay inky gem ile Costume of Berber Jews from the Atlas Mountains. . heel ca Whee nde Pe Seid Sic get ete a hess eee. 2D —— of Dutch Jews, e¢red 1725........ ico hoaAvoa: aliatgaencu manne ae ae ee Te eee edinatena secu: Lh aneied Zoo TOO —— of Jewish Merchants at Odessa, 1862...... ee eee es isoctheh caste desta waite acnntd saetieascea se 383 —— of Moroccan Jewesses... 0... ..c cece eee cees is anes Rhea enewe treet eta ceebaaeeas eeu eee. of Nuremberg Jews, Eighteenth Century.... ee eetetv ee @e#eervereerpeerteroeerteeeeeoerertisbeoeeetbpiaiwet# @aeesssv¢ @ 360 **Dalalat al-Ha’irin,” Holograph (?) Draft of the, of Maimonides ..... MET eee ee ee Xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IA PAGE England: see NoRwIcH. First Editions: Page from the “‘Aruk,” Rome (?), Before 1480... 00... ccc cece cert c en cucreceees 181 —— —— Page from the “ Moreh Nebukim,” Rome (?), Before 1480 2.0.0.0... ccc ee cece ee cee reece. as “Semag,” Rome (?), Before 1480........ er re VWinnieewenes eaaeenaaetee: OO France: see Paris. Germany: see Munico; Nikoisspure; NUREMBERG. Hadrian, Coin of, with Inscription “Adventui Aug(usti) Indee”....... Fig. 23 of plate between 354-355 Herod the Great, Bronze Coin of. ..........0cc00 ace ceteecvesereessces Lig. 15 of plate between 354-355 Hospitals; see NEw York; PHILADELPHIA. ITyreanus, John, Bronze Coin of..............6. 4 hs oeane Gia seewlae are atte earners Fig. 9 of plate between 354-355 Incunabula: see Lisson; ROMs. THITTOIC: VEVSIC OF iiausigea 6h aod vise wos aes BTA ey eRe WON is Be SER OL AEST SESE SG Sd a eee aw 127-129 Italy: see PADUA; PEsaRo. Japan, Beth Israel Synagogue, Nagasaki....... 0.0.00. cece ewes Re dh are SRS Ae aaa GE GS Seas 141 —— Jewish Burial-Ground, Nagasaki... ... 0... ccc cece ccc erence eeees (‘Ais asee eee wowes Kigdaacen 141 Lag be-‘Omer. From an old print..... i Kir. satto Ste ie ata ah ee eee eee ee ea eee eee re eer 400 Leaven, Search for. Froma drawing by Picart, 1725 0.0.0... ccc cc cece ect e teens eeeenee 549 Lisbon, Page from Nahmanides’ Commentary on the Pentateuch, Printed in 1489 at...... Santeadureas 89 Manuscript: Letter of Washington to the Jews of Newport................cceeeee plate between 294-295 —— First Entry in the Dutch Records of New York City Relating to the Jews, Dated Sept 7, 1654.. 261 —— Holograph (?) Draft of the “ Dalalat al-Ha’irin ” of Maimonides.............. 0c. cece eee eens 75 ——- Illuminated Page of the Book of Numbers......... 2... ccc cece ee cece cence eee nn en ceeeeees 547 = Illustrated: Persian, in Hebrew Characters is osc viscscdis codes ence ey ae wweiaeet dwn seen at oawawue 647 ——- Page from a Thirteenth-Century Folio of the “Mordekai” 0.0.0.0... .. cc cece ce ete e eee ceee 11 Map of Morocco, Showing Chief Towns Where Jews Reside... ....... ccc eee cee cee eect ene eeneee 29 —— of New York City in 1695, Locating the Synagogue... 2... 0. ce ccc cece een ee te eteee 259 ——- ——- (1904), Locating Buildings of Jewish Interest...........0.... 0.0.0. .00 08 folder between. 258-259 Maps of Palestine, Ancient and Modern................. ....- 483, 486, 487, 489, 491, 496, and Frontispiece Mordecai ben Hillel: Page from a Thirteenth-Century Manuscript of the “ Mordekai”................ 11 “Moreh Nebukim,” Page from the First Edition of the, Rome (?), Before 1480.............. 0.00 cee 79 Morocco, Berber Jews from the Atlas Mountains... 0... 0... cc ccc ce eer eee eee nce tees ee ences 23 Cubalistic Charm Against Scorpions Used by Jews 10... . 6c. cee eee neces sowie. Vee —— Gate Leading to the Meilah of Dammat ... 0... . ccc cece ce ee cece eee eee t ent eeteeeeeeeeee 22 —— Map of, Showing Chief Towns Where Jews Reside. ....... 0... ccc cece ce tee ete ete eet eens eenen 29 —— Plan of the Modern City of, Showing Location of Jewish Quarter ...............06- ee ee 26 se LT ¥ pes. Of Je WeSses TOM ni ond4 dian d ae anh ore theta yea cieee eee cals ae a a eee ee 19-21 Mortara, Marco, Italian Rabbi and Scholar. .... 0... ce ec cc ccc ce cere eee encase eee eeee es eeees 36 Moschtles, Tenaz, Austrian Pianist: —— Cover for Seder Dish.................. Snake Mit anene eee ee eee oh te cadet ameapaaes “OU — ~ J)ish...... Dis wenn Sahih oe wi eros wes (eee ged aac wae sea aioe Aiet dasin emrecds alent ain epee ke Dot ——— fee PLATOS oo oo oe nee 5 owe eee © & © we oovr- ees te oeeorvrteereseevoenveaneeeeteeeverneeereoeaseevseeeeeeerensreanstonaereae 52. a5 ——- Search for Leaven. Brom Picart: 120i ke ere eee eee edale eek ak ee Sais Ghee eas. One LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX xix ee PAGE Passover, Seder Feast and Accompanying Preparations for the........ 0.00. cece ee ee eee e eee ee eens ayy pereire, Emile, French Banker ....... ieee Miso ee eae ere Teer ee ee eee O97 Perez, Isaac Lob, Yiddish: Wren: qsecwise concedes ean ark ee ee ie eRe NG awveewehauwy sae 00d periodicals: Page from the “ Dyhernfurther Privilegirte Zeitung ” (1771). ........... ee ee er ee) ___ "Title-Headings of the First Numbers of Current Jewish ... ...ccecc seen bie ela ote .... 610, 618 ___. Title-Headings of Jewish Tlustrated Humorous ....... Sr ee ee ee eee 608, 609 Title-Headings of “June dnda and -of * Olam Katana sniest so basn youn coe see ebagoedatessase OID Persian Llustrated Manuscript in Hebrew Characters.........c cc cece cae secre ctensecensocescerecses OF Pesaro, Old Synagogue at... 2... ii Rik GeatuUna aie Se Ae ee REL ONS ada eae Cea eeaseateee VOL Pfetferkorn and Reuchlin. From a eoalenieorty WV OOCOU Us srawictiate G4 tga eae ped whois tan Baas 658 Philadelphia, Beuai Abr: wham Synavogue....... ren cite te ee ere ee eee Cee ae sauteed Ot _— Guggenheim Building and Dispensary of the Jewish Hospital....... sera ceeaen i ears tases O00 Jewish Foster Home and Orphan ASylUM, «300% eccsev. wwe deat ean teu eevee toons eee iieaicdubstees OFS __— Jewish Hospital.......... ee ee Ce ee ene sal note eat pha atele wink ereate none Gene bated eden (OLE _— Mereantile Club........ bs SAR aa erect ctgn aan tS det eh esata MD eae rhe et aa ae CATR hie uae tad ae Rie a hay dd . 680 __- Mickvé Israel Synagogue... .. .......00.. ioc ae euentn cat eerned sees ew eee eeae awe ageorsia LOLe so Planet theslew isl Hos pital Grounds) o:.'oci¢.05 Gest sie eis dd uae w dae ania eine td e646 ees Caw Seeaaad O10 __— _Rodef Shalom Synagogue.......... Le dredge CDRA cA MADER AA we acts Sed Meret Sonatas ohawae O42 Be ce aga Sar Ee aa dip LESTE A eSNG RAS ARW esas ee OIC ———- Touro Pall. ...... eee Sanaa re a Sains aoeeas ils gaa eens SoMOA eS ee dalesae Babe cease ee DIL — Young Women’s Union Baiting. Dee Sender Lethe pe aew ites MAES eee tea tae es UO Philippson, Ludwig, German Rabbi........... eaters ee eee ee ee errr . 684 Pilate, Pontius, Bronze Coin of........ ee eer ee ee bipuae wea we 1ee Lo Gf lite Betieen 854 5) Plan of the Jewish Quarter of Norwich......... hie iin Sale Woah i aoaa a Gaaein aac Ene ROA e diorale ae COU —— of the Modern City of Morocco, Showing Location of Jewish Quarter...... 0... cee eee c eee eee 26 Portraits: see MORTARA, MARCO NOAJI, MORDECAT MANUEL OPPERT, JULES MOSCHELES, IGN AZ OBORNIK, MEIR OTTOLENXGHI, GIUSEPPE MOSENTHAL, SQLOMON OFFENBACH, JACQUES PEREIRE, EMILE MOSES BEN MAIMON OPPENHEIM, DAVID PEREZ, ISAAc LOB NEUBAUER, ADOLF OPPENHEIMER, JOSEPH SUss PHILIPPSON, LUDWIG NIETO, DAVID PPENHEIMER, SAMUEL Reuchlin and Pfefferkorn. From a contemporary wWoodcut......... ccc eee ee ence ee ne eens apeeee GOO Rome, Page from the First Edition of the “‘Aruk,” Printed Before 1480 at............ Lie Naor hou —- Page trom the First Edition of the “Moreh Nebukim,” Printed Before 1480 at.................. 79 —— Page from the First Edition of the “Semag,” Printed Before 1480 at... .... cc cece cece seen eeeee 69 Russia: see ODESSA; OSTROG. ‘‘Sabbath Blessing.” Froma Painting by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim........-......0 ccc cece eee 413 Seder Feast Among German Jews of the Eighteenth Century ...... Laka Oh aeiee CCA Ne alae wear: OO L —- Representation of, on a Cloth Used on Passover...... Sth ies, cena Se re ee ee ee 550 “Semag,” Page from the First Edition of the, Rome (?), Before 1480 .......0..0 0... cc eee ce cee ee ees 69 Shekel of Bar Kokba, Restruck on Tetradrachm of Antioch .......... . Fig. 23 of lees htineen 314-355 Counterfeit... ...... Sts. BOR aS net dan eres LGR RASOL EOS Mae REN ee De betas ehaals reeee OOS —— Double, of Phenician Standard a Bean marera ee rev eeeecerecceresseecss ee big. 3 Of plate between 854-355 — Half, Jewish, of Year 2............. ee ics etce eis aaat vesseecceee. Hig, 6 of plate between 354-355 Sa TOwish Of Year Vicesy vecuas das paeawweee as vec c cee ceecereees ee LG. § Of plate between 354-355 Shofar, Blowing of. From a accave Mae eadal ol 1690: cieswieas aw taap ir eauqe en pad eisleens 254 —— —— in a Dutch Synagogue of the Early Eighteenth Century... ........... ceccee cess cee eeeees OOF —— —— in a German Synagogue of the Highteenth Century................. Lyeek howemseReldnaus 00 Sosius, Brass Coin of....... 00.0000 0005 Bales seceeceeees Hig. 14 of plate between 354-355 Stephanus, Robert, Page from the Hebre ew * Bible, Pr inted at Paris 11): 1048: DY ac caneus on cee ee evade .. 038 Synagogues: see Mcyicn: Nationan Fars ScHOOL; NEw YorK; NUREMBERG; ODESSA; OSTROG; Papua; Paris; Pesaro: PHILADELPHIA. Takkanot (Rules), Cover of the, of the Hebra Kaddisha of Odessa..........cccceccacvereceseeecees ObE Tangier, T peor Iawesscs oF. Ms sctacds EN elas Wet es ea iar hc date sine ecg cara anak Weed dite ace Gua ied avatctane Gone ) cl ook Tetuan, AV PCH S16 WiGSS 20 ty ees dscoace us tart eae ok Wie escea ieee Mae edt Eve bene kee nen xXx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME [x PAGE Tomb, Traditional, of Moses: Scene During a Pilgrimage..............-ce ee eeee hula ee ane aa weoae 46 Tombstones: see CEMETERIES. Touro, Judah, Tombstone of, at Newport.......e.ccce ce eres scribe sth hedeny toed Sodrd tne tate Wea tam aetenoe oie ee 29%, Typography: see BAsEL; Lisson; Paris; PERIODICALS; ROME. Vespasian, Coin of, with Inscription “luda Capta”....... 0... cca ec eee Fig. 21 of plate between 354-355 Washington, George, Letter of, to the Jewish Community of Newport....... . ee plate between 294-295 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA MORAWCZYK: Family of Polish schclars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries coming originally from Moravia. Jehiel Michael Morawczyk: Commentator; died in Lublin 1598, He translated into Hebrew a German work known as the “ Wiener Gezerah” and published it under the title “Gezerat Oestreich ” (Cracow, 1582). Another work of his is entitled “ Seder Berakot” (7d. 1582). But his principal pub- lication is acommentary on Abot, compiled from the commentaries of Rashi, Bertinoro, Isaac Abravanel, R. Eliezer ben Nathan, and others. It is called the “Minhah Hadashah” and has becn published three times—Lublin, 1576; Cracow, 1576; Frank- fort-on-the-Main, 1722. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, p. 525; Steinschnei- der, Cat. Boal. col. 1276; First, Bibl. Jud. ii. 389 ; Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 95, No. 96. Moses ben Aaron Morawezyk: Pedagogue; iived at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He was schoolmaster at Bisenz, Moravia, for a time. and in 1610 went to Lublin, where he continued teaching. He wrote two hooks of instruction for both pupil and teacher—* Kezad Seder Mishnah ” and “Kezad Seder ‘Abodah ” (Lublin, 1635). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1764; Furst, Bite Jud. ii. 390 ; Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 339, No. Moses ben Eliezer Morawczyk: Darshan; rabbi of Lissa, Poland, where he died in 1705, He had planned the writing of a great work to be called “Mishkan Shiloh,” as a sample of which he pub- lished a homily on Genesis and Exodus under the title “ Bissarti Zedck ” (Amsterdam, 1686). He never accomplished the desired task, however. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1800; First, ae Jud. ti, 390; Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 89, No. S. J. L. MORBIDITY: Tendency to disease. The ratio of sickness among the Jews has not yet been satis- factorily studied, althou gh the ratio of deaths—the mortality—among them, and of the various diseases that cause such deaths, has been fairly well investi- gated in various countries. The physical organiza- Non of the Jews has been considerably influenced by their religion throu gh the strict dietary laws, sanitary regulations, etc., which are part and parcel of the faith, It is further influenced by the peculiar Sociological) conditions under which the bulk of IX.—1 E. Cc. | | | | them live in the eastern European ghettos, and by the facts that they are mostly townfolk, are largely engaged in mercantile pursuits, are not addicted te the abuse of alcoholic beverages, and are generally devoted to their families. All these conditions, ac- cording to present knowledge of the causation of dliseases, exercise a determining influence on the liability to many of the latter. In fact, when Glatter investigated the morbidity of the Hungarians (“ Das Racenmoment in Seinem Einfluss auf Rate of Erkrankungen,” in Casper’s “ Viertel- Sickness. jalirsschrift fiir Gerichtliche Medicin,” 1864, xxv. 88-49) he found the follow- ing proportions of ill persons in the county of Pest: | Say ee NT ey, cL S @: S tej} 2 C5] 2 Sem Sr | 5 er SS SS ta So tt see Na ee a _ 2 e + PR ( Ss oe =o = mS Pan 5a 5 || 5a | & Magyars.......... | 43.4 | 45 9 |) Servians........ 2.3.) 1.0 GrePMans. oss. ee. | eck (A JEWS eee eae 3-2 | 11.6 DlAvORIANS es... BBs | 28 | These figures, if they are to be relied upon, show an exceptional morbidity for the Jews as compared with their non-Jewish neighbors, Servians excepted ; but there are no available data wherewith to con- firm or to deny their accuracy because the Jewish sick-benefit societies in various countries have not published the statistics of their operations. The only available method of estimating the morbidity of the Jews is a consideration of the causes of death recorded in various publications. The most important diseases are those classed as contagious and infectious. Asis well known, they are most frequently met with in overcrowded commu- nities, where the people live under eco- Contagious nomicand social privations and amid in- Diseases. sanitary conditions. The medieval and even the moderu ghettos are especially the locations where the conditions would seem to be most favorable to the spread of contagious diseases; but, as a matter of fact, all available statistics point strougly against the correctness of such a conten- tion. While it is known that the Black Death in the Middle Ages did not entirely spare the Jews, as is supposed by some, historical evidence, it must be conceded, strongly tends to show that they, as compared with their neighbors, were attacked by Morbidity THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 2 the disease to a much less extent (see BLACK DEATH). In more modern times it has been observed, as re- marked above, that although most Jews live under adverse sanitary and hygienic conditions, they are not more liable—indeed, in many places they are even less liable—than their neighbors to attacks of conta- gious diseases. Thus, according to Fracastor, in an epidemic of ty phoia fever in 1505 Jews were wholly exempt; and, according to Rau, the same immunity was observed at Langeons in 1824 (Rau, “ Ueber die Behandlung des Typhus,” in “ Heidelberger Kli- nische Annalen,” 1826, ii.). K6orési’s extensive sta- tistics for Budapest, Hungary, show the mortality from typhoid fever during the period 1886-90 to have been as follows per 100,000 population: Catholics occ iccsveeic cscs 66 | Other Protestants..... 61 Lutherans.......ecceee 76 JOWS, Viisaekwevesekes 46 Calvinists ........6.08. 49 In Posen Cohn reports (“Sterblichkeitsverhiltnisse der Stadt Posen,” in “ Vierteljahrsschrift fir Gericht- liche Medicin,” 1869, p. 292) that from 1856 to 1865 the proportion of deaths from typhoid fever in 1,000 deaths from all causes was: Catholics, 9.96; Protes- tants, 9.40; and Jews, 5.26. In the United States Billings (“Report on Vital Statistics of the Jews”) records 57 deaths as due to typhoid fever in 2,062 deaths from ail causes—a rate of 2,764 per 100,000, as against 3,216 for the general population of the country. Statistics for the city of New York show that the mortality from typhoid during the six years ending May 31, 1890, was as follows per 100,000 population, the cases being classified according to the birthplace of the mother: Engish .......0060- 43.77 Americans (whites). 17.40 Germans ........... 28.01 | Hungarians (mostly [talians ....ccceeees 26.16 JOWS) Sc asetreinndeav Trish) gscess tap caewes 23.56 | Russians and Poles French.....isesvccse 18.29 (mostly Jews)..... 9.19 Bohemians......... 18.04 Both of these sets of statistics confirm K6rdési’s ob- servations that the death-rate from typhoid fever among the Jews is lower than among their non- Jewish neighbors. Influenza (“la grippe”) appears to be more fre- quently a cause of death among the Jews than among non-Jews in Prussia. The mortality from the disease among the Jews in 1890-94 was 1,786 per 100,000, as against only 1,445 per 100,000 among the general population. Whether this high mortal- ity indicates a greater tendency on the part of the Jews in Prussia to contract influenza or a more frequent fatal issue of the disease among them can not be determined from the official statistics (see H. Singer, “ Allgemeine und Specielle Krankheitslehre der Juden,” pp. 73-74, Leipsic, 1894). Smallpox is a very contagious disease, from which the Jewsappear to suffer less than others. In Posen the mortality from it amony children during the period 1856-65 was, according to Cohn (l.c, p. 284), as follows per 1,000 deaths due to all causes: Catholics...cecccoese 31.3 JOWS sivievievastesaies 9.0 Protestants.....sceere 22.6 K@6roési shows that in Budapest, during the epi- demic of smallpox in 1886 and 1887, the mortality per 100,000 population was: | ily submit to it. Catholics .......cccees 106 Other Protestants..... "7 Lutherans. ........06. sl JOWS seco Fak de eedea es 33 Calvinists .........00. 7 This can easily be explained by the fact that the Jews are great believers in the efficacy of vaccina- tion as a preventive of smallpox, and that they read- This was assigned as the cause of the almost complete absence of this disease among the Jews of New York city in the epidemic of smallpox during the period 1900-32. In connection with the contagious diseases of chil- dren, the subjoined table, compiled from Kérési’s figures, is of interest: MORTALITY (PER 100,000 CHILDREN UNDER TEN YEARS) OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE FROM CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IN BUDAPEST DURING THE PERIOD 1886-90. ‘ea (coe Se al oh P a 2 ae Geer a ae) ~~ ©o — Y o a See | sa aw 4 (ob) oO: = 'S) | = Sd a wa i Catholics ....cceere.> 559 265 28 183 97 Protestants ......05. 509 286 310 146 83 OWhiniweweyeuavedes 345 215 316 118 69 It is seen that the children of Jews succumb less fre- quently than those of non-Jews to diphtheria, croup, measles, and whooping-cough; but that they more often die from scarlet fever. An analysis of the figures re- corded in the annual reports of the board of health of New York city showed that dur- ing the three years 1897, 1898, and 1899 the mor- tality from diphtheria aud croup tn the four wards which are largely inhabited by Jews (the seventh, tenth, eleventh, and thirteenth) was 59.55 per 100,.- 000 as against 64.20 for the general population of the city. The figures for scarlet fever and measles were not so favorable for the Jews. The mortality from the former disease was 21.15 among the Jews and 21.69 among the general population; from measies, among Jews 84.14, and among the general population 24.17 (see M. Fishberg, “Health and Sanitation of the Immigrant Jewish Population of New York City,” p. 27, New York, 1902). That the Jews are not every where less liable to diphtheria and croup is testified to by Billings (“Report on Vital Statistics of the Jews in the United States,” pp. 13-15); also by Stokvis, who reports that in Amsterdam from 1856 to 1862 the mortality from diphtheria and croup among the children of Jews was 13.7 per cent and among those of the non- Jewish poor only 4.04 per cent, whereas it was 5.88 per cent among the rest of the children of the city. Glatter also found in Pest that in 1863 the Jews showed a mortality from diphtheria of 4.2 per cent, while the Christians showed only 2.6 per cent. A Among Children. ‘low mortality from measles among Jewish chil- dren has been reported by Lombroso for Verona, Italy, as compared with the Catholic population of that city. Heattributesit tothe frequent epidemics in the foundling asylums, which are filled almost exclusively with non-Jewish children. Jews are also less liable to tuberculosis and chol- era, as has been shown by considerable evidence. THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 3 another contagious disease which, as dence tends to show, was very prevalent among the Jews in antiquity, but is now uncommon among them (see CHOLERA; CONSUMPTION; LEPROSY). Leprosy is Biblical ev} Diseases of espira- | = ee From diseases of the respiratory or- Organs. gaus the Jews, according to Billings, suffer more than the general popula- tion of tlie United States, as is seen from the follow- ing figures per 1,000 total deaths from all causes: Men. Women. JOWS cocccctencesesrneeecer snes een aesanes 164.95 129.90 General population of the United States.. 155.18 185.45 As these figures include croup, however, which properly belongs to the group of contagious dis- eases, no reliable conclusion can be formed. Of the acute respiratory diseases, pneumonia is the most important, and a consideration of its fre- quency will give a clue as to the whole class of diseases. In New York city during the six years ending May 31, 1890, the mortality from this disease was as follows per 100,000 population, the cases being classified according to the birthplace of the subject’s mother: Italians. ......eeee 455.89 Russians and Poles Bohemians ........ 350.29 (mostly Jews).... 170.17 Irish ...... heeree Swe 348.99 In Budapest Kérési also notes a lower mortality from pneumonia among Jews, as is shown by the following table of deaths per 100,000 population: Catholics. ....-.eceees 405 Protestants .........- 307 In Verona, Italy, according to Lombroso, the mor- tality from pneumonia among the Jews was 8 to 9 per cent as against 50 per cent among the Catholic population of that city. The proportion of deaths from this disease in those wards in New York which are largely inhabited by Jews is less than in the other parts of the city. The lesser liability of the Jews to pneumonia may be ascribed to various conditions. One explanation which bas been offered is that their peculiar indoor occupations do not expose them to the inclemency of the weather and to frequent chilling of the body. Besides, it must be remembered that alcoholism is an important factor in the etiology and prognosis uf pneumonia, Chronic drunkards are more liable to be attacked by the disease, and when attacked the prognosis is more grave than in moderate drinkers or total abstainers. The Jews, not being addicted to the abuse of alcoholic beverages, are thus favora- bly circumstanced ag regards liability to pneumo- nia, and when attacked are more likely than others to recover, Of the other diseases of the respiratory organs the Jews are known to be very liable to chronic bron- chitis, pulmonary emphysema, and asthma (see "Discussion sur la Pathologie de la Race Juive” in “Bulletin de 1’ Académie de Médecine de Paris,” Sept. 8, 1891). This also can be ascribed to the fact that they are mostly townfolk and to the indoor Occupations in which they are chiefly engaged. Accordin g to Lombroso, the Jews of Verona show 4 very large mortality from heart-disease. Nine Morbidity per cent of the total number of deaths among the Jews were due to this cause; while among the Catholic population only 4 per cent of deaths from heart-disease were ob- served. Lombroso explains this phe- nomenon by the fact that in Verona the Jews live in tall buildings, often on the seventh and eighth floors; and he tersely remarks that they thus have “ali the disadvantages of mountaineers without any of the hygienic benefits of a mountain climate.” The Jews also have among them a larger proportion of old persons; and, as Lombroso re- marks, heart-disease is the “privilege” of old age. Finally, as other factors must be considered their passionate temperament and the anxious struggle for existence to which they are exposed by reason of constant persecution. That this contention has a firm basis is proved by the fact that, as Lombroso points out, the Jewish women are affected with heart-disease to a much less extent than the men. In Budapest Koérodsi found that the Jews suffered from heart-disease to about the same extent as the non-Jewish population. The mortality from dis- eases of the circulatory system in that city during the period 1886-90 was as follows per 100,000 popu- lation: Heart- Disease. Lutherans ........... 198 Other Protestants.... 104 Catholics............. 134 JOWS..c000, epee 106 CalvinistS ........006. 100 In the United States Billings’ statistics confirm Lombroso’s observations. Among 60,630 Jews the mortality from diseases of the circulatory system per 1,000 total deaths of which the cause is known was as follows: Men. Women. DOW Sieiretet Oras Rae eee eae taaee te 77.83 89.69 General population of the United States.. 89.90 39.51 It is thus seen that the mortality among the Ameri- can Jews from diseases of the circulatory system is double that of the general population of the United States. Considering the fact that articular rheumatism is an important etiological factor in organic heart- disease, it is of interest to state that this disease also is very frequent among the American Jews. The death-rate from rheumatism per 100,000 deaths from all causes, according to Billings, was 679 among the Jews, while according to the Census Reports for 1900 it was only 488 among the general population of the United States. These figures do not afford much support to the theory that the Jews suffer less from acute pulmonary diseases because, by reason of their indoor occupations, they are less exposed to the inclemency of the weather. If this theory were well founded, rheumatism, a disease much favored by exposure, should also be infrequent among them. Chronic rheumatism is very commonly observed among the Jews, while gout is quite infrequent, al- though Lagneau, Lancereaux, Féré, and other French physicians assert the contrary. These observers state that the nervous diathesis of the Jews manifests itself in a very striking manner in various patholog- ical conditions such as gout, lithemia, chronic rheu- matism, psoriasis, diabetes, gall-stones, nephrolithi- asis—in fact, in all the conditions which French Morbidity —_———. i ee physicians class under the terms “arthritisime ” and “herpetisme ” (see “Bulletin de VAcadémie de Médecine de Paris,” Sept. 8, 1891; C. Feré, ° La Famille Neuropathique,” p. 105, Paris, 1894). Arteriosclerosis is another condition frequently observed among the Jews. It may be attributed to their excessive activity in business pursuits with its concomitant care, anxiety, and worry. But it must be confessed that among the poorer classes of Jews (and they are in the majority) it is not so often en- countered as some physicians believe. In general, it may be stated that this condition is only another manifestation of the early physical decay of the average Jew, who, although precocious intellectu- ally, displays a strong tendency to grow old prema- turely: “A man is as old as his arteries.” Intermittent claudication, a disease recently de- scribed by neurologists, which has its origin largely in the constriction of the arteries of the lower limbs in nervous individuals suifering from arteriosclero- sis, is more frequently observed in Jews than in non-Jews. Physicians in Russia especially have re- ported many cases among the Jews of that country. Higier found among 18 cases that 17 were Jews (“ Deutscl:e Zeitschrift fiir Nervenheilkunde,” 1901, xix.). Non-Jews in Russia and Poland are rarely found to be affected with this disease. W. Erb ob- served that a large proportion of his patients were of Russian-Jewish origin, 14 out of 45 being Jews (“ Miinchener Medicinische Wochenschrift,” 1904, No. 21, p. 905). The cause of this disease is un- known; it occurs mostly in males between 20 and AQ years of age, and generally in individuals in the higher walks of life (H. Idelson, “ Ueber Intermit- tierende Hinken,” in “St. Petersburger Medizinische Wochenschrift,” 1908, No. 4). Varicose veins are very common among the Jews, especially among the women. This may be attrib- uted to their indolent habits, deficient muscular de- velopment, and, in the women, frequent pregnan- cies. The results of varicose veins in the legs are very often secn in surgical clinics frequented by Jews—eczema and ulcers of the legs, which heal with great difficulty. . Another manifestation of varicose veins is hemor- rhoids, which are more common to Jews than to any other people. In fact, in eastern Eu- rope “the Jew with hemorrhoids” is proverbial; and among the Hasidim in Galicia and Poland a Jew without hemorrhoids is considered a curiosity. Physicians who have had experience among the Jews testify that it is rare to find a Jew who has passed middle age without having his hemorrhoidal veins more or less enlarged. The Jews of eastern Europe attrib- ute this condition to the habit of sitting during the greater part of the day on the hard benches of the bet ha-midrash while studying the Talmud, and to constipation of the bowels, from which they common- ly suffer. While hemorrhoids are only very rarely observed in young people of other nations, this can not be said of the Jews. Among the latter, indi- viduals under twenty-five years of age have quite often to be treated for hemorrhoids. Wemophilia is stated by many physicians to be more frequently met with among Jews than among Hemor- rhoids. THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 non-Jews. It is mostly observed in Jewish boys, and very rarely in girls. Perhaps it is because cir- cumcision reveals it In boys that it is considered so frequent among Jews; though statistics also point to its frequency among them (see N. Rothschild, “Ueber das Alter der Hiémophilic,” Munich, 1882, Grandidier, “ Die Hiimophilie,” Leipsic, 1877; Julius Moses, “ Die Blutkrankheit,” Greifswald, 1892). The disease appears to have been well known to the Jews in ancient times, since there is an ordinance in the Talmud that in case two children of the same mother die as a result of circumcision a third child born to her shall not be circumcised. The reason given is that in some families the blood does not clot readily, and any wound inflicted may prove fatal. As regards diseases of the nervous system, the Jews suffer more than others from hysteria and neu- rasthenia and from the functional neuroses generally. From the organic nervous diseases they suffer ouly as frequently as, and according to some observers even less often than, non-Jews (see NERvous DISEASES), Mental diseases are met with among the Jews from two to four times more often than among their non- Jewish neighbors. Thesame isthe case with idiocy, which is very common (see Iprocy; INSANITY). Diarrheal diseases are the most general of the gastro-intestinal diseases of children. Occurring as they do mostly among the poor who live amid insanitary conditions, in overcrowded dwellings, it might rea- sonably be expected that Jewish chil- dren in the large cities of Europe and America would suffer severely from them. But statistics show quite the contrary. In Budapest Ko6rési reports the mortality from infantile diarrhea during the period 1886-90 to have been as follows per 100,000 infants under five years: Infantile Diarrhea. Catholics ........6.- 4,143 | Other Protestants .. 3,498 Lutherans.......... 3,762 JEWS ..... LA eapman ead 1,442 CalvinistS ........+. 3,293 | Mortality from this disease among Jewish infants is thus seen to be only about one-third that of the Christian infants of the same city. The same has been observed in the United States. In the city of New York, where the immigrant Jews live in the most overcrowded districts, Fishberg has calculated, from the reports of the Department of Health, that during 1897, 1898, and 1899 the annual mortality in the eutire city from diarrheal diseases was 125.54 per 100,000 population; whereas in the four wards largely inhabited by Jews it was only 106.79, not- withstanding the insanitary surroundings and over- crowding in i}l-ventilated tenements. Similar con- ditions are presented in the statistics of the Eleventh Census. The mortality from diarrheal diseases among the different races inhabiting New York city during the six years ending May 31, 1890, was as follows per 100,000 population: Bohemians......... 466.73 TVISK ts shciearimeaharad 237.64 1tAliaNns ...cccecsers 425.58 Russians and Poles Americans (white). 398.34 (mostly Jews).... 195.55 Hungarians ..... ... o2o.07 | General population. 316.85 Germans ....... vee. 281.86 In London, where the sanitary and hygienic sur- roundings of the Jews in the East End are not better THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 5 than those of the East Side of New York, the same conditions have been observed: the Jewish infants suffer from diarrheal diseases to a much. less extent than others of the same social status, Physicians testified to this effect before the Royal Alien Immi- ration Commission, and stated that the lower mor- tality of Jewish children was in great measure due to their greater power of resistance to contagious dis- eases and to thie gastro-intestinal discases of infancy. The reasons for the lower mortality of Jewish in- fants from diarrheal diseases, notwithstanding the snsanitary surroundings under which they are reared, are to be found in the devotion of the Jewish woman asa mother. The care bestowed on her children by a Jewish mother, even when laboring under severe stress of poverty and privation, is proverbial. The anxiety displayed by the parents, even in cases of slight illness among their children, is well known to every physician who practises among them. The artificial feeding of infants is very rare among Jew- esses, and among healthy ones is almost unknown. The result is that diarrheal diseases, which mostly attack children who are artificially fed, tind few subjects among Jewish infants. Another result of this condition is the excellent general health of the latter, when compared with infants of the poor of other races. This can best be esti- Rickets, mated by a consideration of the mor- Atrophy, tality among children from rickets, and atrophy, and scrofula. Korési caleu- Scrofula. lated the mortality of children under three years of age from the first two diseases and for those under ten years of age from the last-named disease per 100,000 children, to be as follows: 3to10 Years | Between 2 and 3 | Years Old. Old. Class of Population. | | l Pe Oe ae | Rickets Atrophy. | Serofula. eos See erate Cathohtss f. civiwscveswess 131 620 | 70 Lutherans.........cse000 | 122 533 45 OVI TIST Se csve ie wtb Kez ann angret 68 596 37 Other Protestants........ | 2 568 69 DEW ing wind Kane tee eee ck 103 242 pe Billings found that the mortality among the Ameri- can Jews from scrofula and tabes to be 1.04 per 1,000 deaths due to all causes as against 6.74 for the general population of the United States. All of this tends to show superior health and vitality among Jewish children as compared with those of other races of the same economic and sociologic condition. This was confirmed inastriking manner by the evidence given before the Inter-Departmen- tal Committee on Physical Deterioration in London, England, in 1904. Dr. Hall stated that in Leeds he found 50 per cent of the children in a poor-school afflicted with rickets, but only a percentage of 8 in @ school attended by children of the better classes. In @ school of poor Jewish children he found only ‘ bercent. It has been affirmed by Drs, Eustace Smith, Eichholz, and others that this superiority of the Jewish children in England, in spite of their in- ferior Sanitary and hygienic surroundings and their overcrowded dwellings, is due to the fact that Jew- Morbidity ish mothers bestow more care upon their children during infancy and childhood, and also because it is exceptional to find a Jewish mother acting as the breadwinner (see “Jew. Chron.” Aug. 19, 1904). Of the gastro-intestinal diseases of adults Billings’ statistics of American Jews show that the mortality was as follows per 1,000 total deaths: Men. Women. POW S oat Aigbe wir wre vaetetee es Pana ena 60.60 82.48 General population........cceeecceeeees 47.12 44.02 These figures show a greater frequency of this class of diseases as a cause of death among Jews, It ap- pears also that cancer is more liable to attack the gastro-intestinal tract in Jews than in non-Jews. Nearly 45 per cent of all cases of cancer occur in the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, rectum, etc., as against 23 per cent among non-Jewish patieuts (see JEW. Encyc. iii. 529-531, s.c. CANCER). Diseases of In Italy also Lombroso reports that Digestive diseases of the digestive organs are Organs. more frequently causes of death in Jews than in the Catholic population of that country; and the same thing has been ob- served by Glatter in Hungary. Lombroso attributes these conditions to overcrowding in badly ventilated dwellings, and also to the fatty foods which the Italian Jews are wont to eat and which are unsuit- able for people living in warm climates. Hepatitis has also been a very frequent cause of death among the Jews of Verona, according to Lombroso. It must, however, be mentioned that cirrhosis of the liver is very rarely scen among the Jews generally. This is best explained by the infrequency of alco- holism and of syphilis, which are the most impor- tant factors in the etiology of cirrhosis. Nervous dyspepsia is very common among the Jews. Javorski (“Wiener Medizinische Wochen- schrift,” 1880, Nos. 49-52) called attention to the frequency of hyperchlorhydria among the Polish Jews in Galicia, and attributed it to their peculiar diet. Physicians who practise among Jews know that derangements of the function of digestion are quite often met with, particularly on Sunday, due to the ingestion, during the Sabbath, of food which has been prepared on Friday and kept in the oven for from twelve to twenty-four hours (“sholent”; see JEW. ENcYC. iv. 256, ¢.7. COOKERY IN EASTERN EvroPe). The chronic diseases of the stomach are to be attributed to the fact that the Jew generally, owing to his deep absorption in business pursuits, rarely has regular meal-times and takes very little time to masticate his food. Among the Russian Jews excessive tea-drinking, a habit acquired in their native country, is much to blame for the fre- quent occurrence of the various forms of chronic indigestion. It should be mentioned, however, that chronic alcoholic gastritis is, for obvi- Diseases ous reasons, quite rare. of Urino- The diseases of the urino-genital sys- Genital tem appear to be less frequent among System. the Jews than among their non-Jewish neighbors. From Billings’ statistics it is found that the mortality from diseases of the urino-genital system among 60,630 American Jews and Jewesses was as follows: Morbidity Mordecai Class of Population. Men. Women, JEWEL AS tate te seis ROR R ee eA bers bathe s ees b3.44 27.84 General population of the United States (1880)) 22.44) 10.77 Population of cities in the United States....... 38.13 | 32.88 Population of Massachusetts (1888)..........6. | 42.07 Lae | | | As is well known, this group of diseases is more frequent among townfolk; and as the Jews who are here under consideration live almost exclusively in cities, they must be compared with people living under similar conditions. It appears that when con- trasted with the general population of the United States, the Jews show a higher mortality; but when compared with the city dwellers, the mortality among them is much smaller than that among others. This is confirmed by a consideration of the census figures for the six years ending May 381, 1890, in which the mortality from diseases of the urinary system is given for the city of New York as follows, per 100,000 population, the cases being classified according to the birthplace of the mother: TPIS) icc alee eae 272.45 TQlians: csc aescee ds 73,38 BN@lish’ sa. esssanees 206.13 Hungarians (mostly Bohemians ......... 154.85 JEWS) cc cceccceecce 51.68 Frenen vo... cece cee 150.65 Russians and Poles Germans .,.....6.0 141.78 (mostly Jews)..... 48.34 Americans (white). 124.14 | The lowest mortality is thus seen to be recorded among the Hungarians, Russians, and Poles, who were almost exclusively Jews. The best reason for this is furnished by the fact that the lowest mortal- ity from alcoholism during the same period in New York city was also observed among the Jews—1 in 100,000 population, as against 31 among the Irish, 10 among the Germans, and 9 among Americans. K6rési’s statistics for Budapest confirm this view. During the period 1886-90 the mortality from Bright’s disease per 100,000 population was as follows: CatholiGS....c cece eee G7 Other Protestants.. .. 63 Lutherans .....-..-065 68 JEW Sisco Pednewa eee |, Calvinists..........00- 5b It is thus seen that the lowest mortality from Bright’s disease was observed among the Jews. The best explanation of this is evidently the rarity of the abuse by them of alcoholic beverages. Of the other diseases of the organs of generation, syphilis is one from which the Jews suffer but little as compared with their Gentile neighbors. Jona- than Hutchinson states that such is the case in Lon- don, England, where at the Metropolitan Free Hos- pital, in the Jews’ quarter, in 1854 the proportion of Jews to Christiaus among the outdoor patients was nearly as | to 3, yet the ratio of cases of syph- ilis among the former to those among the latter was only as 1 to 15. Jacobs also reports that under Cohen’s service at the Metropolitan Free Hospital during 1882 and 1883 the percentage of syphilis was as follows: ee a | Jews. Non-Jews, MOE hciy ots ak o9 so 885 cael owes Mules ENERO 17.8 §2.0 WOOTIORE : cet ccowaninae., «aan Ralacees cad sues 20.0 62.6 Children (congenital syphilis), per, | eent of total number of cases......../ 3.3 45.8 aes THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 6 This shows a larger percentage of syphilis among the non-Jews. This relative immunity of the Jews from syphilis has been observed in other countries (see J. K. Proksch, “Gesch. der Venerischen Krank- heiten,” 1895, i. 125), and has been attributed to cireumcision (see Wunderbar, “ Biblisch - Talmu- dische Medizin,” p. 26, Riga, 1850; Collin, “ Die Be- schneidung der Israeliten,” p. 9, Leipsic, 1842). In Chicago E. A. Fishkin has observed that among the patients of the dispensary of the United Hebrew Charities the proportion of syphilis was only 0.9 per cent of the total number of patients af- flicted with skin-diseases, as against 11.8 per cent among the general population of the United States (according to the returns of the American Derma- tological Association); but the cases observed were those of individuals younger than forty, and three were minors (“Jour. American Medical Associa- tion,” Aug. 28, 1902). Of the diseases of the eye, the Jews suffer more than others from trachoma (granular lids), follicular conjunctivitis, glaucoma, and, according to some authorities, retinitis pigmentosa. This last is a hereditary disease of the eye characterized by the deposition of pigment in the retina, which leads to contraction of the field of vision, and ultimately to total blindness. Its frequency among the Jews is attributed to consanguineous marriages (see R. Lieb- reich, “ Abkunft aus Eben unter Blutvervandte als Grund von Retinitis Pigmentosa,” 1860, in “ Deutsche Klinik,” No. 6). Of the disturbances of vision, my- opia, astigmatism, and color-blindness, as well as blindness, are known to be more frequent among the Jews than among others (see BLINDNESS; EYE — PATHOLOGY), Of the diseases of the skin, eczema is said by Hardy to be more common among the Jews than among others; but many other dermatologists with extensive experience among the Jews assert the contrary (“ Bulletin Medical,” 1891, p. Diseases of 851). Fishkin found that among the the Skin. immigrant Jews in Chicago, the pro- portion of eczema among his total number of cases of skin-diseases was 34.5 per cent as against 29.8 per cent among the general population of the United States (according to the statistics of the American Dermatological Association), which shows that the Jews are more liable to the disease (“Jour. American Medical Association,” Aug. 28, 1902). Parasitic diseases of the skin and scalp are said to be more common among the Jews in eastern Europe than among their non-Jewish neighbors. This is particularly emphasized in reference to scabies and favus (“plica Polonica” and “plica Judaica,” for instance). In the United States this is not observed to be the fact when the immigrant Jews are com- pared with otbers of the same social status. These diseases being generally observed among the poor and degraded, a reason is found for their frequency among the eastern European Jews. In western Europe and in America, where the social and eco- nomic status of the Jews is superior, parasitic dis- eases of the skin are as uncommon among them as among others. Psoriasis is also said to be more frequently met THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 7 among the Jews than among others. Among tients of the dispeusary of the United Hebrew ies in Chicago, Fishkin has observed especially that psoriasis, which is rarely seen in non-Jewish children, is more commonly met with among those e the Jews. Another disease of the skin often seen : Jewish children isimpetigo, which also can be ex- it ‘ned from the insanitary conditions under which ai Jews live. On the other hand, the sy philitic dermatoses are uncommon, which fact accords with the infrequency of syphilis among them. A survey of the evidence shows that the morbid- ity and mortality of the Jews are not due to any piostatic characteristics of a purely anatomical or physiological pature. The Jews are more nervous, have a larger proportion of insane, etc., from social causes, not because the structure of their nervous systems is inany way peculiar anatomically or phys- iologically. They are less liable to certain conta- gious diseases, but not because of some physiological immunity of their tissues. All their pathological characteristics can be shown to be due to the pecul- iar social and economic conditions under which they live. In the ghettos of eastern Europe, where the Jews are more or less isolated from their Gentile neighbors, their morbidity and mortality differ per- ceptibly from those of the rest of the population. These differences are usually due to their avoidance of alcoholic excesses and to their devotion as hus- bands and wives or as parents; some of the most important factors in the production of pathological processes in civilized communities being thus elim- inated. The dietary laws, which the Orthodox Jews of eastern Europe rigidly observe, have a beneficial influence, while the Sabbath, which af- fords them a complete mental and physical rest, and which they do not spend in the barroom and in dis- sipation as others are apt to spend it, has a good effect on their physical condition, affording them re- cuperation after the week’s work, and thus render- ing them less liable to sickness. The fact that the Jews are mostly townfolk, engaged in indoor and domestic occupations, renders them more liable to certain chronic diseases, while the fact that a large proportion of them is engaged in mercantile pur- suits, in occupations which do not necessitate fre- quent exposure to the vicissitudes of the weather, and is not employed in dangerous trades, has an im- portant bearing on the question of their morbidity. BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. 8. Billings, Vital Statistics of the Jews in the United States (Census Bulletin No. 19), 1890; Boudin, Géographie Médicale; G. Buschan, Hinfluss der Rasse auf die Form und Htufigkeit Pathologischer Verdinderungen, In Globus, Ixvii., Nos. 2-5; W. Cohn, Sterblichkeitsverhdilt- Nissé der Stadt Posen, in Vierteliahrsschrift fiir Gericht- liche Me@icin, 1869, pp. 268-285; M.Englander, Die.A uffattend Hiiufigen K rankheitserscheinungen der Jlidischen Rasse, penne, 1902; M. Fishberg, The Comparative Pathology of ‘Ne Jews, in New York Medical Journal, 1xxiii., Nos. 13, 14; A. Frantz, Bedeutung der Religionsunterschiede fiir das ae ysische Lehen der Bevilkerungen, in Jahrbuch fiir Na- ronaldconomie, xi. 41; Glatter, Das Racenmoment in Sei- nem Einfluss auf Erkrankungen, in Vierteljahresschrift ti? Gericitliche Mecdicin, xxv.; H. Hoppe, Krankheiten und Sterblichkeit bei Juden und Nichtjuden, Berlin, 1903; ne th Hough, Longevity and Other Biostatic Peculiarities 5 € Jewish Race, in Medical Record, 1873, pp. 241-244; Fo ebh Jacobs, On the Racial Characteristics of the Modern go. sin Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. 23- ae cr von Koérési, Hinfluss der Confession, des Wohl- Punic und der Beschiiftiguig auf die Todesursachen, in lin meen des Statistischen Bureau's, Budapest, Ber- diashe ae M. Kretamer, Ueber Anthrapologische, Physiolo- scene und Pathologische Kigenthitimlichkeiten der Juden, with the pa Charlit Morbidity Mordecai in St. Petersburger Medicinische Wochenschrift, 1891, No. 19; Lagneau, Sur la Race Juive, in Bulletin de U Académie de Médecine de Paris, Paris, Sept. 8, 1891; M. Legoyt, De Certaines Immunités Bivustatiques de la Race Jitive, ib. 1868; C. Lombroso, L”Antisemitismo e le Scienze Moderne, Turin, 1894; Schimmer, Statistik des Judenthums, Vienna, 1873; Heinrich Singer, Aliyemeine und Specielle Krank- heitslehre der Juden, Leipsic, 1904. J. M. F1.. MORDECAI (15599; probably = “ belonging to Marduk,” a Babylonian divinity).—Biblical Data : Chief minister of Ahasuerus and one of the princi- pal personages of the Book of Esther. He was the son of Jair, a Benjamite, and a cousin of Esther, whom he adopted as his daughter. He had previ- ously been carried into captivity together with Jeconiah by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon (Esth. ii, 5-7, 15). Living at Shushan, the Persian capital, and sitting constantly at the gate of the king’s palace, Mordecai discovers a plot of two eunuchs against the king. Having informed the king through Esther of the conspiracy, Mordecai brings about the execution of the two conspirators, and the event is recorded in the royal chronicles (2d. ji. 21-23). Mordecai arouses the anger of Haman by constantly refusing to bow before him. The latter in revenge procures from the king a decree ordering the destruction of all the Jews in the Per- sian kingdom (70. iii. 2-14), As soon as Mordecai hears of Haman’s proceedings he rends his clothes, puts on sackcloth with ashes, and cries “with a loud and a bitter cry.” Then, at the request of Esther, whom he has informed of the decree through Hathach, one of the king’s chamberlains, he insti- tutes at Shushan a general] fast for three days (2d. iv. 1, 7-8, 16-17). On a subsequent night the king, being unable to sleep, commands that the royal records be brought to him. On their being read he is reminded that he was rescued from death by Mordecai and has never rewarded the latter for his service. The king con- sequently orders that Mordecai be dressed in royal garments and that with great pomp Haman conduct him, seated on the royal horse, through the city (7b. vi. 1-11). Haman is executed, and Mordecai is raised by the king to the high rank of chief min- ister. He is also made by Esther superintendent over Haman’s house, which the king gives her. Through the intervention of Esther, Mordecai ob- tains from the king the revocation of the royal de- cree ordering the extermination of the Jews; anda new edict is issued permitting the Jews to exter- minate the population of those places in which they might be attacked. Mordecai is shown special! favor by the king, ¢.g., by the presentation of apparel and a golden crown (2). viil. 2, 7-15). After the ener- getic self-defense of the Jews Mordecai’s fame be- comes wide-spread, and the king makes him his vice- roy. Mordecai then establishes the festival of Purim, to be celebrated on the fourteenth and fifteenth days of Adar as a memorial of the deliverance of the Jews from their enemies (25, ix, 4-28, x. 3; see Es- THER; HAMAN; PURIM). Ss. M. SEL. —-In Rabbinical Literature: The name “ Mor- decai” (359%) is explained by the Rabbis as a com- pound of N37 NI, the Aramaic form of WW W (= “pure myrrh”). Mordecai is identified with the Mordecaa bearer of that name who, according to Ezra ii, 2 and Neh. vii. 7, returned with Zerubbabel from the Cap- tivity; and as in both passages “ Mordecai” is fol- lowed by “ Bilshan,” the Rabbis consider that “ Mor- decai” and “ Bilshan” were the names of one man, the latter name having been given him on account of his knowledge of many languages. According to another opinion (deriving nb from 5n), Mordecai is identical with the prophet Malachi, the latter name having becn given to him after he hbe- came viceroy. But all the Rabbis agree that Mor- decai was a prophet and that he prophesied in the second year of Darius (Meg. 10b, 15a; Hul. 189b), Targum Shbeni (to Esth. ii. 5) traces the complete genealogy of Mordecai back to Benjamin through Shimei (identifying this Shimei with Shimcei, son of Gera; comp. II Sam. xvi. 5-6, 18; I Kings ii. 8, 86- 46), Jonathan, and Saul. Still the discrepancy in Esth. ii. 5, which makes Mordecai a descendant of both Judah and Benjamin, puzzled the Rabbis con- siderably, and various explanations of it are given, among others the following: (1) Mordecai, was on his father’s side a descendant of Benjamin, and on his mother’s a descendant of Judah. (2) He was a Benjamite: but his birth was caused through David, who was of Judah; for had David followed the ad- vice of Abishai and killed Shimei (comp. IT Sam. xvi. 7), Mordecai would never have come into exist- ence. (3) Mordecai was the only Jew who did not come to the feast prepared by Ahasu- erus; nioreover, he endeavored to re- strain the other Jews from coming to it. (4) The word ‘37° must be read wm, meaning “one who declares God to be one” (Meg. 12b; Esther R. ii. 5; Midr, Megillah, in Jel- Benjamite and Jew. linek, “B. H.” i. 22). Another theory makes Mor- decai and Haman cupbearers at the feast (Meg. 12a). According to Targum Sheni (to sth. ii. 6), Mor- decai, after having been carried away by Nebuchad- nezzar, returned to Jerusalem, and was again de- ported by Nebuchadnezzar in the second captivity (comp. IT Kings xxiv. 14 eéseq.; xxv. 11, 21). Mor- decai was a member of the Great Sanhedrin which sat in the chamber of square hewn stones (“ lishkat ha-gazit”), and each member of which knew all the seventy languages. In this capacity he resolved difficult problems concerning ritual observances, on account of which he was called by the Rabbis “Pethahiah ” (Shek. v. 2; Men. 64b-65a). It was owing to his knowledge of languages that Mordecai was able to discover the plot of the two eunuchs (see BrpiicAL Data above), who conversed in the language of Tarshish, their native country, thinking that no one would understand it (Meg. 18b; comp. Targum Sheni to Esth, ii. 22). Later, when, unlike the Persian courtiers, Mor- decai omitted to bow before Haman, the latter, not wishing to appear disconcerted, feigned to have received his salutation. He consequently turned round and, advancing toward Mordecai, said: “ And peace be upon thee,” as though in reply to Mor- deeai’s greeting. Mordecai thereupon said to him, “There is no peace, saith the Lord, unto the wicked ” (Isa. xl viii. 22), which answer particularly aroused Haman’s anger (Midr. Abba Gorion, ed. Buber, iii., THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 8 Wilna, 1886). The courtiers asked Mordecai why he refused to bow before Haman, when Jacob, Mor- decai’s ancestor, had bowed before Esau, Haman’s ancestor (Gen. xx xiii. 8). Mordecai replied that this took place before Benjamin, from whom he (Mor- decai) was descended, was born (Targum Sheni to Esth. iii. 8). After the fatal decree had been signed and copies had been prepared for transmission to all the prov- inces of the Persian empire (comp. Esth. iii. 12-15), Haman left the palace in a joyous mood, and then met Mordecai. Just then the latter saw three chil- dren coming from school, whom he Mordecai asked to tell him what passages they and had read with their master. The chil- Haman. dren recited three different Biblical verses, each containing a prophecy that all machinations against the Hebrews would come to naught. Mordecai began to laugh, and, when Haman inquired the cause of his laughter, he an- swered that the children brought him good tidings (Midr. Abba Gorion 2.c.; Esth. R. iii). Mordecai was definitely informed of the king’s decree by Elijah, or, according to other opinions, by Moses or by the Holy Spirit, in order that he might pray to God for the deliverance of Israel (sth. R. i.c.; Targum to Esth. iv. 1; Targum Sheni tv., where Mordecai’s prayer and exhortation to repent- ance are given at great length). Mordecai then dreamed his prophetic dream (see EstHrer, APoc- RYPHAL Book oF), which he told to Hathach (Esther Jt. iv. 7). When Mordecai saw Haman approaching him with the royal horse and garments, he thought that he was coming to kill him. He therefore told the pupils who surrounded him to depart and leave him alone to his fate; but they refused to do so, where- upon Mordecai, having wrapped himself in his tallit, began to pray. Meanwhile Haman came up and sat down with the pupils to await the termination of the prayer. Haman asked Mordecai’s pupils what was the subject of their study, and they told him it was the laws of “kKemizah,” that is, the handful of meal which the priest takes from a meal- offering to burn on thealtar. According to another statement, the pupils were studying the laws of the omer; and when Haman asked them whether it was a measure of gold or of silver they told him it was a measure of barley. Haman said: “ Your handful of meal or your little measure of barley overcame my ten thousand talents of silver” (comp. Esth. ili, 9). Mordecai at first could not believe that Hama was in earnest when he informed him of the honor which he was about to do him. But when Haman convinced him of his seriousness, Mordecai told him that it would not become him (Mordecai), who had been till then humbled in the dust, to put on royal garments. Haman then washed Mordecai, shaved his hair, anointed him with perfumes, and presented to him the meal which Esther had sent, Mordecai, owing to his three days’ fast, was not strong enough to mount the horse, and Haman had to offer his back to Mordecai as a stepping-stone. While Mordecai was being conducted through the streets of Shushan, 27,000 youths, sent for the purpose from the royal THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 9 salace, each holding in one hand a golden jar and in other a golden cup, marched before him, and ue the Jews on seeing them joined the Triumphal procession. Mordecai, however, did Procession. not become elated by his yreat honor, but returned to his home and resumed nis sackcloth and fasting (Meg. 16a; Esth. R. vi.; Midr, Abba Gorion V1. ; Targum Sheni Vi.). According to Targum Sheni (vil. 8), it was Mor- decai whom the king appointed to superintend the execution of Haman; and Mordecai took Haman from the king’s gate to lead him to the gallows. Haman implored Mordecai not to kill him, or at least not to hang him like an ordinary criminal, and pegged to have his head cut off with a sword; but Mordecai remained intlexible. According to R. Jose the Galilean, the psalms which are styled “ Hallel” were composed and sung py Mordecai and Esther after the Jews had been delivered from Haman (Pes. 117a). The Rabbis con- clude from Esth. x. 3 that after Mordecai became viceroy some of the Sanhedrin abandoned him (Meg. es _ M. Set. MORDECAI: An American family of German origin, the founder of which settled in the United States in the second half of the eighteenth century. Several of its members took part in the military affairs of the nation. Of these members the most prominent were: Alfred Mordecai: American soldier; officer in the United States army; son of Jacob Mordecai; born in Warrenton, N. C., Jan. 8, 1804; died in Philadelphia Oct. 28, 1887. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point June 24, 1819, and was graduated, the first in his class, July 1, 1823, with the rank of brevet second lieutenant in the engineer corps. He served for several years as assistant professor of natural philosophy and en- gineering at West Point. From 1825 to 1828 he was the assistant engineer in charge of the construction of Forts Monroe and Calhoun, Va. On May 30, 1882, he was made captain of orduance, and spent the following year in Europe. In 1842 he was ap- pointed assistant to the chief ordnance, officer in Washington, D. C, He served as a member of the Board of Ordnance from 1889 to 1860. In 1840 he was a member of a commission that visited the chief arsenals and cannon-foundries in Europe, and two years later was appointed assistant inspector of arsenals. He was brevetted major on May 80, 1848, for meritorious services during the war with Mex- ico. Major Mordecai was a member of a military commission to visit the “Crimea and theater of war in Europe” (1855-56), and his observations, particularly on military organization and ordnance, were published by order of Congress (Washington, 1860). He was in charge of some of the largest arsenals in the United States: Washington, D. C., in 1833 and again in 1844-55; Frankford, Pa., 1836; and Watervliet, 1857-61. At the beginning of the Civil war Mordecai re- aan from the army (May 5, 1861). From 1868 to 66 he wasa railway engineerin Mexico; and in 1867 he Was made secretary and treasurer of the Pennsyl- vania Canal Company, in which position he contin- Mordecai ued until his death. He wrote extensively on mili- tury subjects and was the author of a“ Digest of Military Laws” (Washington, 1833); “ Ordnance Manual for the Use of Officers of the United States Army” (1841; second edition, 1850); “Reports of Experiments on Gunpowder ” (1845-49); “ Artillery for the United States Land Service, as Devised and Arranged by the Ordnance Board,” with plates (1849). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, vol. 1, p. 724, Washington, 1908; ees Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1888, vol. iv., p. 88 Alfred Mordecai: American soldier; officer in the United States army; son of Alfred Mordecai; born in Philadelphia June 30, 1840. He was grad- uated from the Military Academy at West Point June 24, 1861, and was brevetted second lieutenant of topographical engineers. Later, at the outbreak of the Civil war, he was selected as an aid to General Howard; he served at the first battle of Bull Run, and subsequently was transferred to the ordnance department. He was promoted first lieutenant on March 38, 1868, and captain on June 1, 1868; and was brevetted major in September, 1868, for gallant services at the siege of Fort Wagner, 8. C. Two years later he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for distinguished services on the field and in the ord- nance department. Mordecai is one of the best- known ordnance officers in the United States army. He was twice instructor of gunnery at West Point; was in command of the arsenal at Leavenworth, Kans., and of New York Arsenal, Governors Island; twice in command of Watervliet Arsenal (1881-86 and 1898-99); superintendent of the armory at Springtield, Mass. ; and in command of the arsenal at Benicia, Cal. Colonel Mordecai is now (1904) in- spector of ordnance, being attached to the Ordnance Office in Washington, D. C. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, vol. i., p. 724, Washington, 1903; Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American. Biog- raphy, 1888, vol. iv., p. 390; Henry S. Morais, Jews of Phil- adelphia, 1894. Jacob Mordecai: American educator; son of Moses Mordecai; born in Philadelphia April 11, 1762; died in Richmond, Va., Sept. 4, 1888. After having been employed in the office of David Franks, who was a commissary for the exchange of British prisoners, at the close of the Revolutionary war Mordecai removed to Warrenton, N. C., where, find- ing that his commercial ventures were not a suc- cess, he established (in Jan., 1809) a seminary for young ladies. In a few years the school became well known throughout the South, the most promi- nent families sending their dauglters there to be educated. Jacob Mordecai was one of the first of his race in America to become interested in peda- gogics: he adhered closely to the ideas of Maria Edgeworth. In this adherence Mordecai was no doubt influ- enced by his daughter Rachel Mordecai, who for many years carried on a correspondence with the noted English novelist. Owing to advancing years and the arduous nature of his calling, he discontinued the seminary, and left Warrenton for the suburbs of Richmond, where he remained until his death. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gratz Mordecai, Notice of Jacob Mordecai, in Pub. Am. Jew. Hist. Soc. 1897, vol. vi., pp. 89-48. Mordecai Astruc Mordecai b. Hillel THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 10 Moses Mordecai: American trader; founder of the Mordecai family in America; born in Bonn, Germany, in 1707; died in Philadelphia May 28, 1781. He went to America about 1750 and settled in Philadelphia, where he engaged in the brokerage business. On Oct. 25, 1765, Mordecai signed the celebrated Non-Importation Agreement, by which the merchants refused to import goods until the repeal of the Stamp Act. In 1777, after the out- break of the Revolution, he signed an agreement to take the colonial paper currency sanctioned by the kiug, instead of gold and silver. BIBLIOGRAPHY : Hyman Polock Rosenbach, The Jewsin Phila- delphia Prior to 1800, pp. 12, 18, Philadelphia, 1888; Pubti- cations Am, Jew. Hist. Soe. 1893, vol. i, p. 60; 1897, vol. i., pp. 40-41. eae A. S. W. R. MORDECAI ASTRUC: French liturgical poet ; lived at Carpentras about the end of the seventeenth century. Jie was the author of several liturgical poems printed in “Seder ha-Tamid,” a collection of prayers used at Carpentras, Isle, Avignon, and Cavaillon (Avignon, 1760). His prayer of thanks- giving beginning “ Ish hayah be-tam lebabo” is well known for the occasion which gave rise to it. In 1682 a Jew of Carpentras was murdered, and the populace attacked the Jews’ quarters, serious riot- ing being prevented only by the prompt interference of the authorities. The community thereupon con- stituted the day on which the disturbance occurred (the 9th of Nisan) a feast-day in memory of the rescue, and Mordecai’s poem was read in the syna- gogue. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Landshuth, ‘Ammude ha-‘Abodah, p. 196; Zunz, Z. G. p. 473; idem, Ritus, p. 127; Gross, Gallia Juda- ica, p. 612. A A. PE. MORDECAI DATO (BEN JUDAH): Italian payctan; lived in Ferrara in the sixteenth century. The name “Dato” is the Italian equivalent of “Nathan.” He added some notes, under the title “Hagahot,” to Samuel Gallico’s “ ‘Asis Rimmonim ” (Venice, 1601). Azariah dei Rossi (“ Me’or ‘Ena- yim,” ch, xliii.) ascribes to him a book entitled “Migdal Dawid,” dealing with the coming of the Messiah, Dato wrote many piyyutim which exist in manuscript. One for theeve of Sabbath has been incorporated in the Italian ritual. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinsehneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1657; First, Bibl. Jud. i. 197: Almanzi, in Kerem Hemed, viii. 89; Azu- lai, Shem ha-Gedotim, i. 129, ii. 112; Mortara, Indice, p. 19: PandabutDs ‘Ammude ha-‘Abodah, p. 197; Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. 1.791. ° W. B. S. J. L. MORDECAI B. DAVID. See STRELISKER, MonbDECaAl. MORDECAI OF EISENSTADT. Sce Mor- DECAI MOKIAH. MORDECAI BEN ELIEZER JONAH: Aus- trian commentator; lived in Lemberg in the latter part of the sixteenth century. He published an ethical discourse on the “Shema‘” under the title “Petil Tekelet” (Prague, 1618), in three parts, the first dealing with love of God, the second with ab- stention from sin, and the last with misfortune. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Boal. col. 1658; Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. ii. 324; Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 503, No. 1823. W. B. S.J. L. MORDECAI EN CRESCAS D’ORANGE. See CreEscas, MornvECAI EN, OF ORANGE. MORDECAI 8B. HILLEL B. HILLEL: Germar. halakist of the thirteenth century; died ag a martyr at Nuremberg Aug. 1, 1298. Mordecai be- longed to one of the most prominent families of scholars in Germany, his grandfather Hille] being on the mother’s side a grandson of Eliezer b, Joel ha-Levi, who again was a grandson of Elie- zey b. Nathan. Little is otherwise Known of his family. His wife Selda and his five children perished with him. About 1291 Mordecai seems to have sojourned at Goslar, where a certain Moses Tako—not the well-known anti-Maimonist—seems to have disputed his right of residence. Although the suit was decided in Mordecai’s favor, it was con- ducted with such bitterness that it was probably for this reason that Mordecai left Goslar and settled at Nuremberg. His principal teacher was Meir b. Baruch of Rothenburg, of whose older pupils Mor- decai was one, and in whose presence Mordecai pro- nounced independent decisions. Mordecai quotes the tosafot, responsa, and compendiums of his teacher, together with many of his oral and written communi- cations. Aside from Meir must be mentioned as Mordecai’s teachers Perez b. Elijah of Corbeille, Ephraim b. Nathan, Jacob ha-Levi of Speyer (prob- ably identical with Jacob b, Moses ha-Levi), Abra- ham b. Baruch (Meir of Rothenburg’s brother), and Dan, probably identical with Dan Ashkenazi. Mordecai is generally known as the author of the great legal code “Sefer ha-Mordekai,” commonly called briefly “ Mordekai,” or designated as the “Great” or“ Long Mordekai” (“ Mordekai ha-Gadol,” “ Mordekai he-‘Aruk ”) as distinguished from Samuel Schlettstadt’s “Small Mordekai” (“ Mordekai_ha- Katon”). The “ Mordckai ” is met with in the form of glosses to Alfasi’s “Halakot” in various manu- scripts, and also as an appendix to the “ Halakot” in many editions, This connection with Alfasi is, however, merely an external one, single sentences, sometimes even single words, of the “ Halakot” serving as catchwords introducing the relevant material found in Yerushalmi, the French and Ger- man tosafot, the codices and compendiums, Mor- dlecai’s range of reading in halakic literature was phe- nomenal, There were few noteworthy works dealing with halakic subjects and antedating the middle of the thirteenth century which he did His Code. notknowanddrawupon. As regards the German and French authors, he knew not only all the works that are still extant, but many for which he is now the only source. He quotes about 350 authorities, whose works and written or verbal communications form the sub- stance of his book. The “ Mordekai” isin the first place a compilation, intended to furnish halakic material. At the time of its composition there was great need for such a work. Theresultsof the tosafist schools, whose last representatives were Mordecai’s teachers, were ready to be summed up and judged. The condition of the German Jews of the time was such that they were forced to a life of constant wandering, and were in danger of losing, together with their worldly goods, their spiritual possessions if they remained oe Bo pee eel ede eS os ES pee ie ee a ae PAGE FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY MANUSCRIPT OF THE “ MORDEKAL. (From the Sulzberger collection in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York.) aS tne Pes etn Meigs tee faa? astaalnmatige— 0 Mordecai b. Hillel Mordecai ben Judah hidden in numerous folios. It would be erroneous, however, to designate the “Mordekai” as a mere compilation. It not only contains much that is orig- inal with the author—although in many passages there are omissions of the names of authorities, due to copyist and editor—but the foreign material also is often introduced in a form which refutes the assertion that the author did not intend to contribute anything of hisown, The “ Mordekai” contains passages showing that the author had the ability as well as the intention to present in clear, systematic form, in the manner of a codifier, the results of long discussions (see the examples in Weiss, “ Dor,” p. 82). The fact that the larger part of the “Mordekai” Jacks system and form may be explained on the following grounds: The book, as the early critics pointed out, was not issued in its final form by the author. He collected the material for his great work, but could not com- bine or arrange it himself; this task being under- taken by his pupils, partly during his lifetime and partly after his death. This fact explains not only the evident confusion of the text, but The Two alsoitsmost peculiar history. Within Editions of two generationsafter Mordecai’s death ‘¢Morde- there were two entirely different re- kai.” censions of his work, respectively des- ignated by the authorities of the fif- teenth century as the “ Rhenish ” and the “ Austrian ” versions. These were not merely two different copies of the “Mordekai” containing variants—such ex- isted of each of the two editions—but two materially different compendiums. The Rhenish “ Mordekai ” furnished the text for the printed editions, and cir- culated during the Middle Ages not only in the Rhine countries, but also in eastern Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. The Austrian “Mordekai” is preserved in manuscript in the libraries of Budapest and Vienna. It exerted, as its name indicates, a great influence on the halakic observances of Ans- tria, Moravia, Bohemia, Styria, Hungary, and the neighboring German provinces, as, for example, Saxony. The following points of difference be- tween these two editions may be noted: The mate- rial is differently distributed, entire passages fre- quently being found in different sections and even in different treatises. The two editions are con- trasted, too, in the method of treating the mate- rial. In the Rhenish “ Mordekai” there is the en- deavor to cut down and abbreviate, the printed work constituting only one-third of the matter found in the manuscripts of the Austrian “ Mordekai” at Budapest and Vienna. Quotations and extracts from the different tosafot collections especially are missing in the printed book, whereas they are included in the manuscripts. The two versions, furthermore, differ greatly in their quotations from the authorities. Rhenish and French scholars are the chief authorities in the Rhenish version; but they are omitted in the Austrian, which substitutes Austrian authorities, Isaac Or Zarua‘, Abigdor ha- Kohen, and his father-in-law, Hayyim b. Moses, being especially frequently drawn upon. The Rhen- ish “ Mordekai” is notable for its rigorous views. Opinions which interpret the Law leniently, espe- cially those that disagree with the then obtaining THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 12 practises, are either omitted entirely or are given in brief quotations and in a form which shows that they are not authoritative. The Austrian “ Mordekai” wives these passages frankly and in detail. The con- ciseness and scrupulousness of the Rhenish version lead to the conclusion that the Austrian “ Mordekai,” as found in the manuscripts, represents the original form of the work, orat least most closely approaches that form which Mordecai intended to give to his book. About sixty years after Mordecai’s death Sam- uel b. Aaron of Schlettstadt wrote his “ Haggahot Mordekai,” glosses to the “ Mordekai,” consisting chiefly of extracts made by him from the Austrian version in order to supplemeut the Rhenish; and the text, which was already very corrupt and confused, was still further impaired by these glosses, as text and glosses were frequently confounded. While the “haggahot” are at least derived from the “ Morde- kai,” there are passages in the printed text which have no relation whatever to that work. The “Small Halakot.” (“Halakot Ketannot ”), which figures in the editions as a part of the “ Mordekai,” is Schlettstadt’s work, while the “ Mordekai” to Mo‘ed Katan includes a complete work of Meir b. Baruch of Rothenburg, and other extraneous elements have been introduced in different passages of the “ Mor- dekai.” In consequence of the persecutions in Germany during the fourteenth century and of the resulting decline of Talmudic studies, a work of Diffusion the nature of the “ Mordekai” naturally of the soon became authoritative. The high ‘¢Morde- reputation enjoyed by it is evident kai.” from the works of Schlettstadt, which either deal with or are modeled upon it. The great authorities of Germany of the fifteenth century, as Jacob b. Moses ha-Levi (S»""7), Israel of Krems, Isserlein, Jacob Weil, Israel of Brinn, and Joseph Colon, the greatest Italian Talmudist of that century, were great admirers of Mordecai, whose work they assiduously studied and whose authority they recognized. The first treatise of the Talmud that was printed (Soncino, 1482) included the “Mordekai” in addition to Rashi, the tosafot, and Maimonides. In Caro’s and Isserles’ codes Mordecai is among the authorities most frequently quoted. Isserles even lectured on the “ Mordekai” in his yeshibah, many of his responsa being devoted to the questions of his pupils and friends regarding difficult passagesof the book. In Italy and Poland, where the “Mordekai” was especially studied, a whole “Mordekai” literature came into cxistence. A large number of extracts, indexes, glosses, novell, and commentaries are still extant, the most impor- tant of these works being Joseph Ottolenghi’s index, Baruch b. David’s “Gedullat Mordekai,” emenda- tions of the text, and Mordecai Benet’s commentary. Mordecai wrote also responsa, which, however, do not seem to have been preserved. 8. Kohn ascribes to him the authorship of “Haggahot Mai- muni”; but theascriptionlackssupport. It is note- worthy that Mordecai inclined toward poetry and grammar, a predilection that was rare in Germany at his time. A selihah by him, on the martyrdom of a proselyte, was published by Kohn (“ Mordechai ben THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 13 Hillel.” Appendix, 1.). But although Mordecai used Hebrew fluently and skilfully, he had no real poet- ‘nl talent. A metrical poem of his on the Hebrew — js—one of the few of this kind preduced by an Jews—was also published for the first ee py Kohn (1.c.). The poem is obscure, the au- thor appareutly intending to speak in riddles. Mor- decai wrote also a trea tise in verse on the examina- tion of slaughtered animals and on permitted and forbidden foods, which appeared under the title “Filkot Shehitah u-Bedikah we-Hilkot Issur we- Hetter” (Venice, 1550 2). From the nature of the case the author could not confine himself to Biblical Hebrew; but his language is correct and fluent. Fra AI Meh ett rt Ps Mteneebucloee, Cat ‘v.: idem, Hebr. Bibl. xviii. 638-66; Weiss, Dor, v. 80- Bod einer, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. 8.v. ae gs, &. MORDECAI B. ISAAC OF CARPEN- TRAS: French Talmudist; flourished in the thir- teenth and fourteenth centuries. Mordecai lived in Carpentras (department of Vaucluse) at the time of the religious struggles (1803-6), and corresponded with Abba Mari of Lunel, who speaks of him very highly. Zunz and Neubauer identify him with Mordecai b. Isaac Ezobi; this, however, can not be correct, because the latter lived between 1308 and 1306 in Careassonne, and not in Carpentras. Gross identifies him with Mordecai b. Isaac Kimhi, father of Isaac Kimhi, called “Mestre Petit de Nyons.” He is designated by Isaac de Lattes as “Gaon,” and in “Kore ha-Dorot” he is styled “Ornament of Judaism.” He is often quoted in the manuscript re- sponsa collection of Solomon ben Adret’s (“R. E. J.” xii. 81-90) under the name “ Mordecai b. Isaac.” BIBLIOGRAPHY: Zunz, Z. G. p. 478; Renan-Neubauer, Les Rab- bins Francais, Index ; Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 386, 607. 8. 8. A. PE. MORDECAI B. ISAAC KIMHBAI. See KIMHl. MORDECAI BEN JACOB (MORDECAI SINGER): Polish translator; lived in Cracow ; died 1575. He translated into Judeo-German the Book of Proverbs (Cracow, 1582) and the Book of Job (Prague, 1597), supplying them with commentaries in Hebrew. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1666; Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. ii. 8325; Zunz, Z. G. p. 280. E. C. S. J. L. MORDECAI JAFFE. See Jarrr. MORDECAI BEN JEHIEL (MICHAEL HA-LEVI): Russian grammarian and ab bet din of Slawatyetz-on-the-Bug: lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote “Mera Dakya” (Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1784, and often reprinted), a grammatical commentary on Rashi’s commentaries on the Pentateuch, on the Five Rolls, and on many Talmudical passages, rectifying on the basis of stammar some of Rashi’s improbable explanations. The introduction gives a short sketch of Hebrew grammar. BIBLIOGRAPHY : Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1666; Walden, 2 em ha-Gedolim he-Hadash, ii. 45; Zedner, Cat. Hebr. ks Brit. Mus, p. 561. H.R. M. Sc. Mordecai b. Hillel Mordecai ben Judah We ee nn ee ee MORDECAI BEN JOSEPH OF AVIGNON: Provencal Talmudist; flourished in the middle of the thirteenth century; a contemporary of the Dominican Pablo Christiani, a former pupil of Elie- zer of Tarascon. Mordecai, as the most prominent Jew in Provence, suffered the most from Pablo’s at- tacks. Prior to 1274 Pablo secured an order from the pope to the effect that the Jews in southern France should wear humiliating badges on their clothing. The Provencal Jews, who had hitherto been exempt from these badges, opposed this decree, and Mordecai ben Joseph and a certain Israel were in consequence imprisoned by theinquisitors. They secured their freedom only by the payment of a large sum of money, Mordecai and Solomon of Tarascon were sent as delegates to the royal court in order to secure the repeal of this odious law; and they succeeded. Charles I., King of the Two Sicilies, aud Count of Provence, on March 26, 1276, issued a severe decree against the inquisitors who insisted that the Jews should wear badges. As Pablo was now dead the decree was not opposed by the inquisitors. Ibn Verga, who relates this event in his “Shebet Yekhudah,” says that Mordecai was imprisoned after his embassy to the royal court, which, according to Gross, is improbable and not in agreement with the facts given in the introduction to “Mahazik ha- Emunah.” Mordecai may be identified with Mor- decai ben Josiphiah, who with other rabbis of the last third of the thirteenth century signed a ritual decree at Carpentras (Renan-Neubauer, “Les Rab- bins Francais,” p. 518; Gross, “Gallia Judaica,” p. 607). Mordecai was the author of the following works: (1) “Mahazik ha-Emunah,” a polemical writing against the above-mentioned Pablo Christiani; (2) “Sefer Eber min ha-Hai,” on Gen. ix. 4; (8) “Issur we-Hetter,”a halakic work; (4) “ Bet She‘arim,” on the laws concerning marriage contracts; and (5) “Sha‘are Nedarim,” on the halakot concerning Vows. All these works, with the exception of the first, which is extant in manuscript (Vatican MS. 271), are no longer in existence, and are known only by quotations made by Isaac de Lattes in his “Sha- ‘are Ziyyon” (p. 74) and by Gedaliah ibn Yahya (“Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah,” p. 54b). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xv. 89, xvi. 42; Gratz, Gesch. vi., note 1, 8 4, No. 27; vii. 188; Renan-Neu- bauer, Les Rabbins Francais, p. 565; Gross, in Monats- schrift, xviii. 156; idem, Gallia Judaica, p. 3. 8. 8. A. PF. MORDECAI BEN JUDAH (MORDUSCH): Polish ritualist; lived at Lamkumsh; died 1584. He edited the Mahzor with the commentary of Abra ham Abigdor, to which he added notes of his own (Lublin, 1567); in the same way he edited the lat- ter’s selihot (Cracow, 1584). Two other editions of the selihot appeared, revised and enlarged by his son-in-law Hirsch Sundels (Prague, 1587, and Lublin, 1648), BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1667; First, Bibl. Jud. ti. 325, iii. 397; Frankel, Zeitschrift fiir die Re- ligidsen Interessen des Judenthums, iii. 386 ; Benjaccb, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 420, No. 361. D. 8. J. L. Mordecai ben Judah Morenu MORDECAI BEN JUDAH (ARYEH LOB) ASHKENAZI: Dutch ritualist; lived in Amster- dam in the early part of the seventeenth century. He was a disciple of Abraham Rovigo, whose com- mentary to the Zohar, “Eshel Abraham,” he ar- ranged and corrected. It was published, with the text, at Fiirth in 1701; his preface to it, entitled “Hakdamat Eshel Abraham,” was published in the preceding year. He wrote also “Mikweh Yisrael,” a treatise on circumcision in Judseo-German, which appeared in 1710 with David of Lida’s “Sod Adonai ” appended. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1667. Fiirst, Bibl. Jud, ii, 326; Waiden, Shem ha-Gedolim he-Hadash, j. 96. J. S. J. Ls MORDECAI BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI: Chief rabbi of Cairo, Egypt; preachcr and Biblical commentator; flourished in the seventeenth cen- tury; died at Jerusalem. He was the author of “Darke No‘am ” (Venice, 1698), responsa on the four parts of the Shulhan ‘Aruk, namely: 13 on the Orah Hayyim; 18 0n the Yoreh De‘ah; 68 on the Eben ha-‘Ezer; and 57 on the Hoshen Mishpat. It was prefaced and edited by his son Abraham ha-Levi. Mordecai left, besides, four works which are stil unpublished: “‘Abodat ha-Kodesh,” a commentary on the Pentateuch, according to the commentaries of Rashi and Nahmanides; “ Mikra’e Kodesh,” ser- mons for holy days; “Toledot Adam,” sermons for the ceremonies of circumcision, bar mizwah, and marriage; and “Sof Adam,” funcral orations. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i.; Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. ii. 826; Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1669. W. B. M. SEL. MORDECAI BEN JUDAH LOB OF LEM- BERG: Commentator; lived in the latter part of the seventeenth century. He was rabbi of Dobri, Bohemia. His commentary to the Pentateuch, “Ma’amar Mordekai” (Dyhernfurth, 1719), was edited by his son Judah Lob, “shammash” of Breslau. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Steinsehneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1667; First, Bibl. Jud. i. 405; Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ii. 75; Benja- cob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 282, No. 211. WwW. B, S. J. LL. MORDECAI HA-KOHEN OF SAFED: Cabalist and scholar; flourished in the second half of the sixteenth century. Te was a pupil of the famous cabalist Israel de Curiel, and a contemporary of R. Joseph di Trani. The latter mentions him in his responsa (ii., No. 106), Mordecai wrote an alle- goric-cabalistic commentary on the Pentateuch, en- titled “Sifte Kohen” (Venice, 1605; Wandsbeck, 1690). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, s.v.; Steinschnei- der, Cat. Bodl. col. 1669. 8, J. Z. LL. MORDECAI MOKIAH (called also Mordecai of Eisenstadt): Shabbethaian prophet and false Messiah; born in Alsace about 1650; died at Pres- burg May 18, 1729. The death of Shabbethai Zebi (1676) seems to have encouraged his followers, who claimed that he had returned to his heavenly abode and would come back in three years to finish his Messianic task. This doctrine was preached by Mordecai, who, through his ascetic life, his elo- THE JEWISIT ENCYCLOPEDIA 14 quence, and bis commanding appearance, won many followers. Italian cabalists, among them Benjamin Cohen, rabbi of Reggio, called lim to Italy about 1678, where he for a time was very popular. Some cause—perhaps fear of the Inquisition—forced him fo leave Italy, where he had begun to announce himself as the Messiah. IIe traveled as a preacher through Austria, Germany, and Poland, and finally returned to Hungary, where he seems to have lived a quiet life, as nothing further is known of him, His son, Judah L6b Mokiah, an eminent Tal- mudist, died in Presburg Dec. 7. 1742; the latter's sons were David BERLIN and Isaiah BERLIN, known also as “Isaiah Pick.” BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gritz, Gesch. 3d ed., x. 303-3804, 456-459; Weiss, Abne Bet hau-Yozer, p. 1, Paks, 1900. D MORDECAI BEN NAPHTALI HIRSCH KREMSIR: Polish commentator; died in Cracow 1670. He was a disciple of Shabbethai Sheftel, Ilig most important work is a commentary to Tar- gum Jonathan and Targum Yerushalmi—* Ketoret ha-Sammim” (Amsterdam, 1671). He wrote also “Kinah,” an elegy on the 120.000 Polish martyrs of 1648 (Lublin, 1650), and “Ketoret ha-Mizbeah,” a commentary on the haggadot in Berakot (7b. 1660). BIBLIOGRAPHY : Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1671; First, Bibl. Jud. ii. 208; Landshuth, “Ammude ha-Ahodah, p. 200 W. B. S. J. L. MORDECAI NATHAN, MAESTRO: French physician; lived at Avignon in the middle of the fifteenth century. He corresponded with Joseph Colon, who highly praises his medical skill and addresses him by the title 1, a term which, according to some authorities (Carmoly, “ Histoire des Médecins Juifs,” p. 126), meant “master,” but which, according to others (Gross, in “ Monats- schrift,” 1880, p. 518), was merely a title of respect. Mordeeai is doubtless identieal with the mathe- matician Mordecai Nadi( Wolf, “ Bibl. Hebr.” iv. 904), with the astronomer Mordecai Nathan (Renan-Neu- bauer, “Les Ecrivains Juifs Francais,” p. 581), and with Maestro Mordecai Todros Nathan of Avignon, for whom Nathanael b. Nehemiah Caspi of Largen- ticre copied in 1454 at Arles, France, Alfasi’s book on casnistics and other Talmudic works. He has been erroneously confounded with Isaac Nathan, author of the celebrated concordance. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Renan-Neubauer, Les Rabhins Francais, p. 583; idem, Les Berivains Jutfs Francais, pp. 415, 580-582, job; Gross, Gallia Judaica, p. 10. G. S. K. MORDECAI BEN NATHAN BEN ELIA- KIM BEN ISAAC OF STRASBURG: French commentator; lived at Corbeil about the end of the thirteenth century. He was the author of a com- mentary on the “Sefer Mizwot ha-Katon (SeMakK),” published in the Constantinople edition. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gross, Gallia Judaica, p. 572, No. 6. E. C. J. 8. R. MORDECAI BEN NISSAN HA-ZAKEN: Navaite scholar; lived at Krasnoi-Ostrog, Poland, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, He studied under Joseph ben Samuel, hazzan of Ka- lisz, and David ben Shalom ha-Zaken, and atan early 15 became proficient both in rabbinical and in Ka- ae literature. Mordecaiis chiefly known through rate ie “Dod Mordekai” (Vienna, 1830), writ- a eee to four questions addressed in 1698 enacd ben Shalom ha-Zaken by Jacob Trugland, professor of theology at the University of Leyden. These four questions were: (1) Is the Karaite sect ‘dentical with that which existed at the time of the Second Temple under the name “ Sadducees,” or did it originate with Anan, as the Rabbinites assert ? (2) Was Aquila, the proselyte, to whom Menahem Kala‘i had addressed letters, identical with the Greek translator or with the author of the Targum? (8) Is the “Moreh Aharon ” identical with the : Sefer ha- Mizwot” of Aaron ben Elijah of Nicomedia ; if not, who was its author? (4) Has the Karaite Bible any variants from the Rabbinite Bible, and what is the prevailiug belief among the Karaites with regard to the time of the introduction of vowels and accents? Mordecai divided his work into twelve chapters, each of which bears the name of a Jewish tribe. To the first question he answered that, although the Karaite sect is not identical with that of the Sad- ducees, it nevertheless existed at the time of the Second Temple. He divided the history of the Karaites into three epochs: the first beginning with the formation of a separate congregation without any external distinction from other congregations, in the time of Simeon ben Shetah; the second be- ginning with Anan, who made an open stand against the Talmudists; and the third beginning with the fourteenth century, when the first traces of the de- cline of Karaism began to be felt. The second question is left unanswered. The name “ Mena- hem,” he says, is nowhere to be met with except in the “Mibhar,” and there is, therefore, no informa- tion concerning his personality. As to the author of the Targum, Mordecai knows him only through the Rabbinite authorities. The third question is answered satisfactorily, and Mordecai gives by the way information of the Karaite works found in Po- land. The Karaite Bible, he says, in answer to the fourth question, does not vary from that of the Rabbinites; and the vowels and accents are believed to have been transmitted to Moses on Mount Sinai. Here Mordecai cites Azariah dei Rossi and displays a vast knowledge of rabbinical literature. In addition, Mordecai wrote: “Sefer Ma’amar Mordekai,” a commentary on the “Mibhar” of Aaron ben Joseph; “Derek ha-Yam,” dissertation on a passage of the “Mibhar” to Gen. ix. 21; “ Kelalim Yafim,” an elementary Hebrew grammar; “ Yad Adonai,” the subject of which is not known; “Le- bush Malkut,” ou the differences between the Rab- binites and the Karaites; liturgical poems, some of Which have been inserted in the Karaite ritual. BIBLIOGRAPHY : Jost, Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten, ii. 871 et seq.; First, Gesch. des Kardert. tii. 87 et en Neubauer, Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek, pp. 76 et 8. I. Br. MORDECAI B. SHABBETHAI (called also Mordecai he-Aruk = “ the tall”): Liturgical hed of the thirteenth century; a native either of a y or of Greece. His penitential prayers (“seli- 20"), which are remarkable both for their form and THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Mordecai ben Judah Morenu for their clear, flowing language, have been incor- porated into the German, Roman, and Kardite rituals. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Zunz, Literaturgesch. pp. 3386-338. W. B. J. Z. LL. MORDECAI ZEMAH B. GERSHON (SONCIN). Sec Soncry. MORDO, LAZARE: Physician and hon- orary rabbi of Corfu; born 1744; died 1828: studied at Venice and Padua. In 1814 he was appointed chief physician of the island of Corfu, and he was esteemed both by the government and by the entire population for his learning and philanthropy. At his death the eminent Corfiote poet Delviniotti com- posed a beautiful elegy in his honor, Lazare Mordo left numerous works in manu- script; his “Nozioni Miscellanee Interno a Corcira ” (Corfu, 1809) was dedicated to his friend Emanule Theotoky, president of the Senate, in which he gives the names of Corfu physicians who had preceded him, including several Jews. D. M. Fr.—M. C, MORENO (MORENTU): According to the inter- pretation of Moses ibn Habib, a proper name, which was adopted as a family name by Spanish-Portu- guese Jews, It frequently occurs in connection with “ Paz,” “Shalom,” and “ Henriquez.” Families bearing this name were living in the seventeenth century in Bayonne, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg; and others which have adopted it still exist in Turkey. David Shalom Moreno: Son of Abraham Shalom Moreno; the latter died at Bayonne in 1684 and was called also Luis de Paz. David was celebrated for his wisdom and Talmudic learn- ing. Gabriel Moreno: Member of the Academia de los Floridos, founded in Amsterdam 1685. Jacob Isaac Morenu: Physician in Amster- dam; died there June 21, 1667. In Oct., 1663, he gave his approbation to the little book “ Ortho- graphia Castellana” by Abraham da Fonseca. His grave is marked by a noble monument, upon which is a coat of arms consisting of a helmet surmounted by a count’s coronet. Jacob Israel Moreno: Lived in Amsterdam; mentioned as the writer of a sonnet. Moses Moreno Henriquez: Representative of Hakam Daniel Belillos in the Maskil el Dal philan- thropic society in Amsterdam, to which Gabriel Moreno and the brothers Isaac and Jacob, sons of Mattathias Moreno, also belonged. BIBLIOGRAPHY: A. Jellinek, Kontres ha-Mazkir, p. 13; De Barrios, Tora Or, p. 42; idem, Arbol de las Vidas, p. 99; idem, Maskil el Dal, p. 109; D. H. de Castro, Keur van Grafsteenen, p. 8; Kayserling, Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud. p. 74. D. ; M. K. MORENT (lit. “our teacher”): Term used since the middle of the fourteenth century as a title for rabbis and Talmudists; and the abbreviation 4°n"p (= '35 397 99999) was placed before the name of the scholar in question. Thus the abbreviation pind (“MaHaRaM ”) stands for “Morenu ha-Rab R. Meir,” or “ R. Moses,” and “ MaHaRil.” for “ Mo- renu ha-Rab R. Jacob Levi.” This title was first Moresheth-gath Moriah et ee ere mmm cre eg ee ee if cet, Sas used in Germany, and after R. Metr b. Baruk ha- Levi, rabbi of Vienna (1860-90), had revived the ancient custom of ordination (“semikah”), every one ordained as rabbi received the degree of mo- renu. The first who bore this title were, according to David Gans, R. Shalom of Austria, rabbi of Wiener-Neustadt, and R. Jacob M6lln (MaHaRiL). It cau not be determined definitely why a special title was applied to rabbis, or why the term “mo- renu” was chosen. Isaac Abravanel says in his cominentary on Abot v. 1 that the German rabbis conferred the title of morenu upon their scholarly pupils as an equivalent for the degree of doctor granted by the universities. Zunz thinks (“Z, G.” pp. 185 e¢ seq.) that the title was intended to add to the rabbinical dignity, for the title of rabbi had lost its significance of “scholar” or “master,” since it had become customary to bestow it, perhaps in opposition to the Karaites, upon every Rabbinite Jew, even though he was not a scholar. The candi- date for the degree of morenu receives it upon suc- cessfully passing an examination in the Talmud and the “poskim.” He is then called upon by this title to read the lesson from the Torah, and since the degree testifies to his rabbinical and Talmudic schol- arship, he is thereby empowered to decide ques- tions of religious law, to perform marriages, and to grant divorces. Formerly the title of morenu was conferred only upon married men—so that Jonathan Eybeschiitz was prevented from granting it to Moses Mendelssolin while the Jatter was unmarried (“Kerem Hemed,” iii. 225)—and the dignity was generally conferred upon the candidates on the day of their marriage (Ephraim Luntschiitz, “‘Olelot Efrayim,” on aphorism 366), but it is now given to unmarried men as well. Every ordained rabbi has the power to grant it; and it occasionally happens that it is conferred as an honorary title in recogni- tion of services rendered to a community, even though the recipient may not be distinguished for Jewish learning. Sec Mar. BIBLIOGRAPHY : David Gans, Zemah Dawid, p. 42b, Frank- fort-on-the-Main, 1692; Zunz, Z. G. pp. 185 et seq.; Gratz, Gesch. viii. 10 et seq.; Gidemann, Die Neugestaitung des Rabbinerwesens tm Viittelalter, in Monatsschrift, 1864, pp. 393 et seq. J. Z. L. W. B. MORESHETH-GATH (m3 nw 7d = “ posses- sion of Gath”): City in Palestine, apparently the native place of the prophet Micah; mentioned in connection with Lachish, Achzib, Mareshah, and other towns of the lowland (“shefelah”) of Judah (Mic. i. 18-15). Jerome (“ Onomasticon,” s.v. “ Mo- rasthi,” and prologue to his commentary on Micah) places this city at a short distance east of Eleuther- opolis, and states that in his time it was still a vil- lage of moderate size, containing a church built over Micah’stomb. Robinson (“ Researches,” ii. 428) concludes that it must have been near Mareshah, while Thomson (“The Land and Book,” ii. 360) thinks these two towns are identical. The text of Micah (i.c.), however, clearly differentiates them. Among the Jewish commentators, only Ibn Ezra and David Kimhi consider Moresheth-gath as the name of a place; the Targum of Jonathan (to Mic. i. 14) and later commentators, among them Rashi, translate these two words by “those who caused THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 16 ha a es ps ee ig ep ay Try, you to inherit Gath,” meaning the family of David, Wellhausen detaches “Moresheth” from ° Gath,” rendering the passage in Micah (/.¢.) by “ Thou must let go Moresheth, O Gath.” s. M. SEr. MORGENLAND, ALTES UND NEUES; Monthly magazine published in Basel, Switzerland, It was edited by Samuel Preiswerk and appeared for six years (1888-44). Its contents were exelu- sively exegetical in character; indeed, the periodical was designed “for the friends of Holy Writ.” G, A. M. F, MORGENSTERN, KARL: German landscape. painter; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Oct. 25, 1812; died there Jan. 10, 1893. Hereceived his edu- cation in art in the Munich Academy of Arts, and in 1834 visited the Bavarian highlands and Italy. Of his paintings the following may be mentioned: “Ansicht von Neapel”; “ Bai von Bajae”; “ Meer- busen von Villafranca bei Nizza” (1848; now in Stiidel’s Museum). BIBLIOGRAPHY: Singer, Alig. Kitnstler-Lexicon. Ss, F.C. MORGENSTERN, LINA (née Bauer): Ger- man authoress and communal worker; born in Bres- lau Nov. 25, 1830. The Revolution of 1848 led her to interest herself in the political and social situa- tion. In 1854 she married Theodor Morgenstern of Kalisz, and the young couple moved to Berlin, where Morgenstern established a manufacturing house. When, in 1859, the women’s society for the promotion of Froebel kindergartens was founded, Mrs. Morgenstern became one of the Multifari- first members of its board of directors. ous Ac- In 1860 she published “ Das Paradies tivity. der Kindheit,” the first German text- book of Froebel’s method, which has reached its fifth edition. Atthe same time she pub- lished “ Aus der Storchstrasse ” and “Die Plauder- stunden.” From 1861 to 1866 she was president of a women’s society which supported eight kinder- gartens, a seminary, and achildren’s nursery-school, besides conducting mothers’ meetings. In 1866 she retired from this position to found the society for instituting popular kitchens, to which she long devoted her active efforts as honorary president and director of the local board. Its system of kitchens serves as a model both in Germany and abroad. In 1868 Mrs. Morgenstern founded the Children’s School Union, which is still in existence, and in 1869 an academy for the higher education of young ladies. In 1873 she founded the Berlin House- keepers’ Union, of which she was the director. This society has conducted a cooking-school since 1878 (for which school Mrs. Morgenstern wrote all the text-books), a free employment agency, a premium fund for worthy servants, an old-uge pension fund, etc. In 1881 she founded a society for the rescue and education of girls discharged from prison, which was Changed in 1887 into a society for the bringing up of poor girls. In 1887 Mrs. Morgenstern began giving courses in sanitary housekeeping and nurs- ing the sick. In 1895 she became a member of the board of directors of the German societies for the preservation of peace, and later was vice-president THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 17 Moresheth-gath Moriah. the : ee: : ; . UE eon the first international woman's con- she ress at Berlin, at which 1,800 delegates were present from all parts of the world. | | . \irs. Morgenstern published, besides a number of Js and the writings Which have been mentioned ee e following works, all printed in Ber- lin: * Die Volksktichen i (4th ed., 1882); ‘ Der Beruf tes Weibes” (1869); * Kochrezepte der Berliner Volkskiiche ” (4th ed., 1883); “ Universalkochbuch sie Gesunde und Kranke ” (1881); “ Friedrich Fro- nel’s Leben und Wirken ” (188%) ; “Die Menschliche Ernihrung und die Kulturhistorische Entwickelung der _Kochkunst ” (1882); “ Frauen des 19. Jahrhun- derts ” (1888); and “Die Franenarbeit in Deutsch- land” (1893). After 1874 she published also “ Die Deutsche Hausfrauen Zeitung,” and from 1888 to 1894 she issued a monthly magazine for girls. In 1900 Mrs. Morgenstern celebrated ber seven- ticth birthday, receiving many tokens of regard and of recognition of her activities and beneficent works. She died Jan. 7, 1910. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Allg. Zeit. des Jud. Nov. 30, 1900; Meyers Konversations-Lecikon. : MORGULIS, MICHAEL (MIKHAIL GRI- GORYEVICH): Russian jurist and author; born at Berdychev March 25, 1837. His parents, who were well-to-do people, gave him a good education, and during his early training in the heder he dis- played remarkable ability. Entering the rabbinical school at Jitomir, he proved himself a very apt stu- dent; and as a senior he wrote a defense of the school, the modern policy of which had been attacked by the Orthodox party. This first literary produc- tion of Morgulis was sent to the Ministry of Pnb- lic Education. Graduating m 1861, he wished to enter the university, but having been educated in a government school, he was obliged to become a government rabbi. Thanks tothe powerful support of Pirogov, who saw much promise in Morgulis, he was enabled after three years to enter the University of Kiev. In 1864 he registered for the law course, and while still in the university published occa- sional articles (“ Zadiki-Chudotvortzy,” “ Drevnyaya i Novaya Kabaila,” etc.). In 1867 he published a collection of his more important articles, such as “Frank i Frankisty,” “Ocherk Ugolovnavo Sudo- proizvodstva u Drevnikh Yevreyev,” and in 1869 presented his thesis “O Pravye Naslyedovaniya po Moiseyevui Talmudicheskomu Zakonodatelstvu.” In the same year Morgulis moved to Odessa and at once took an active part in the communal life of that city. Among the organizations with which he has been connected are the Society for the Promo- “on of Culture, the Agricultural Fund, the Pales- Unian Society, and the Rabbinical Commission. No pee comniunal affair is disposed of without i ieee and he is considered an authority on ae matters concerning the Jews of Russia. For a ce years he has been at the head ice industrial school Tzud; and it was gue Ns efforts that a model farm for educational Lae was established in connection with the nent Orphan asylum. Morgulis occupies a promi- sis among the jurists of Odessa. He —2 11 above, th AJliance des Femmes pour la Paix. In 1896 | was fora long time secretary of the local lawyers’ organization. Morgulis’ collection of articles, published in 1889 and reprinted from a number of periodicals, deals with many sides of Russo-Jewish life. Special mention should be made of his article on the his- tory of education among the Jews in Russia, and of those entitled “Samoosvobozhdeniye i Samoo- trecheniye,” in “ Yevrei Obzor,” 1884-85; “Kagal i Magdeburgskoye Pravo,” in “ Den,” 1871, s.7.; “ Ko- robochny Sbor,” in “ Yevreiska Bibliotheca,” St. Petersburg, 1878, and of a lengthy report written by him, at the instance of the Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Jews of Russia, for the Palen commission then investigating the Jewish question. BIBLIOGRAPHY: N. 8S. Rashkovski, Sovremeimnuyye Russkoe Yevreiskiye Dycyateli, p. 58, Odessa, 1899, I. R. J. G. [. MORIAH (7°55, 73): 1. A district in Pales- tine containing several mountains, on one of which Abraham was commanded by God to sacritice his son Isaac (Gen. xxii. 2). 2. A mountain at Jerusa- lem on which Ornan the Jebusite had a thrashing- floor and on which Solomon later built the Temple (Chron. iti. 1). It is very likely that the Chron- icler identified the mountain of the Temple with that of the sacrifice of Isaac, as he points out that Solo- mon built the Temple on a mountain of a highly sacred character, since Abraham had several cen- turies previously built there an altar on which the ‘AkEDAH took place. Shortly before the erection of Solomon’s Temple an altar had been built there by David (comp. II Sam. xxiv. 25). The Rabbis positively identified these two places as the same, naming Jerusalem “land of Moriah” (Gen. é.¢.) on account of the Mount Moriah situated therein. As to the meaning of the name, the Rabbis ad- vanced various interpretations, e.g.: “the teaching- place” (A719), in allusion to the Teniple as the seat of the Sanhedrin; “the place of fear” (x 4%), the Temple causing fear to the heathen; “the place of myrrh” (41; comp. WA WH, Cant. iv. 6), referring to the myrrh and other spices which were burned on the altar (Yer. Ber. iv. 5; Ta‘an. 16a; Pesik. R. 40 [ed. Friedmann, p. 167b]; Gen. R. lv.9; Tan., Wayera, 45). Itis apparently after the last-named interpre- tation that the Targums of Onkclos and pseudo- Jonathan (to Gen, é.c.) render AOA PIN by NIN sondins (= “land of worship”; comp. Rashi ad loc.). The Samaritan text has ANRWAN. which is rendered by the Samaritan Targum AN yn (= “ vi- sion”), a reading which agrees with Gen, xxii. 8, 14. In the Peshitta the Moriah of Genesis is rendered by “the land of the Amorites,” while that of IT Chron. iii. 1 is cited as “Moriah”; in the Septuagint the former is tiv yy THy wdqdyy (= DID prs); the latter, “Ajwpra. Modern scholars who distinguish between these two places advance different theories as to the meaning of the word “ Moriah.” Wellhausen reads in Gen. U.c. DN YON (= “the land of the Hamor- ites”), ¢.e., Shechem (see Gen, xxxiv.; Judges ix. 28); Tuch identities it with the Moreh of Gen. xii. 6, also near Shechem. Both theories agree with the Samaritan tradition that the sacrifice of Isaac took place on Mount Gerizim near Shechem (“Z. D. P Moritz Morocco VY.” vi. 198, vii. 183; comp. Cheyne and Black, “Encyc. Bibl.” ¢.z7., and Ed. King in “ Hebraica,” ji. 98). J. M. SEL. MORITZ, ALBERT: American naval engineer ; born at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 8, 1860. He was educated at the College of the City of New York, graduating in 1877; in that year he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, from which he graduated in 1881. In 1883 he be- came commissioned assistant engineer; in 1894 passed assistant engineer; in 1889 lieutenant; and in 1908 lieutenant-commander, At present (1904) he holds the position of chief engineer of the U. 8. 8. “Ala- bama.” In 1900 he was commended for gallant con- duct while serving with the U.S. S. “ Yosemite,” which was wrecked in a typhoon off Guam, in the Pacific. BIBLIOGRAPHY: American Jewish Year Book, 1904~5. A. | F. T. Hi. MOROCCO (called among the Arabs Al-Magh- rib al-Aksa = “the extreme west”): Sultanate in northwestern Africa. In antiquity it formed a con- siderable part of Mauritania. The latter was orig- inally an independent kingdom, but in the year 42, of the common era it was made a Roman prov- ince and divided into Mauritania Tingitana, in the west, corresponding approximately to the Moroc- co of to-day, and Mauritania C:zsariensis, in the east, corresponding to the greater part of the mod- ern Algeria. Mauritania, as indeed the whole of northern Africa, appears to have been settled by Jewish colonists even before the destruction of the Temple. Indefinite and fabulous tra- Traditions ditions concerning such early settle- of Early ments have been handed down among Settlement. the Berber Jews of the Atlas and Rif mountains, the district of Sus, and the oasis of Tafilet and many other oases of the western regions. These Jews may be regarded as the de- scendants of those early settlers. The Jewish col- onists of Borion assign their first settlement in the country to the time of Solomon, claiming that he himself built their synagogue, which in the sixth century was transformed into a church by Emperor Justinian (Neubauer, “ Where Are the Ten Tribes?” in “J.Q. R.” 1. 23). Davidson, who traveled through the Atlas region and became acquainted with the Jews there, says they claim that their ancestors all left Jerusalem before its destruction and did not go as exiles to Babylon, and that they pretend never to have heard of Jesus of Nazareth (Andrée, “ Zur Volkskunde der Juden,” p. 197). These traditions are to some extent supported by the existence of Hebrew inscriptions in the province of Fez (“ Ha- Lebanon,” iii. 110; Neubauer, 7.¢.), in Volubilis, in the extreme west of Mauritania near what was afterward called “Fez” (Schirer, “Gesch.” iii. 26; P. Berger, in “ Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Traveaux Historiques et Scientifiques,” No. i., pp. 64 ef seg., Paris, 1892), in Al-Hamada, in the south- ern part of the province of Tafilet (Horowitz, “ Ma- rokko,” p. 205, Leipsic, 1887; Henry §. Morais, “The Daggatouns,” p. 9, Philadelphia, 1882), and, it is claimed (Morais, /.c.), in Tementit (comp. JEw. Encyc. iv. 562, s.7. Draspora). THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 18 a ae LO ee farmer ee ea eet When the Jews began to spread over the Romay einpire after the dissolution of the Jewish state (70) many of them doubtless settled jp Under the Mauritania, which province the Ro. Romans. mans wished to civilize. .These set. tlers engaged in agriculture, cattle. raising, and trades. They were divided into bodies akin to tribes, governed by their respective heads, and had to pay the Romans a capitation-tax of 2 shekels, Marcus Fischer (“Toledot Yeshurun. Gesch. der Juden Unter Regicrung Mohadis und Imam Eudris,” Prague, 1817), and, following him, D. Cazés (“Essai sur ]'Histoire des Israélites de Tunisie,” pp. 28 ef seqg., Paris, 1889) have much more to say concerning these newcomers, their relations to the old inhabitants, their religious and civil life their habits and customs, basing their statements on the verbal communications of “native historians,” As Fischer, however, does not give his sources in detail, his information can be used only with cau. tion. It is not known whether the Jews of Mauri. tania were in communication with their coreligionists in Palestine and Babylon; but, since the Talmud has some acquaintance with the customs of. the Mauritanians (Y eb. 63b), such a communication does not seem wholly improbable. Under the dominion of the Romans and (after 429) of the Vandals the Mauritanian Jews increased and prospered to such a degree that Church councils of Africa found it necessary to take a stand against them. The Justinian edict of persecution for north- ern Africa, issued after the Yandal rule had been overthrown and Mauritania had come under the dominion of the Byzantines (534), was directed against the Jews as well as the Arians, the Dona. tists, and other dissenters (I. Mercier, “ Histoire de Afrique Septentrionale,” i, 167, Paris, 1888). In the seventh century the Jewish population of Mau- ritania received as a further accession from Spain those who wished to escape west-Gothic legislation. At the end of the same century, at the time of the great Arabian conquests in northwestern Africa, there were in Mauritania, according to the Arab historians, many powerful Berber tribes which pro- fessed Judaism. It would be very interesting te know, although difficult to decide, whether these tribes were originally of Jewish race and had become assimilated with the Berbers in language, habits, mode of life—in short, in everything except relig- ion—or whether they were native Berbers who 1 the course of centuries had been converted by Jew: ish settlers. However this may have been, they at any rate shared the lot of their non-Semitic breth- ren in the Berber territory, and, like them, foughl against the Arab conquerors, It was the Berber Jewess Dahiyah, or Damia known as Kaninau, who aroused her people i the Aures, the eastern spurs of the Atlas, toa last although fruitless resist ance to the Arab general Hasan ib! Nu‘man, and herself died (7038) th death of a heroine (Ibn Khaldun, i. 207 ef seq., ii 193 et seg.; Mercier, J.¢. i. 212 et seg.; August Mit Ier, “Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland,” | 420). As in the Hellenic lands of Christendom, * also in Mauritania, Judaism involuntarily prepare Berber Jews. 19 for Islam; and the conversion of the Ber- to Islam took place so much the more easily. = , Jewish tribes of the Berbers also accepted saeee some being forced thereto, others persuaded eae fact that the enemy had been successful. ay vertheless many Jewish Berber tribes have sur- ae dto the present day in their old habitations in he mountains of Morocco and in the oases of the desert, although as regards customs and mode and views of life they have been greatly influenced by Islam. In language and external appearance they are wholly Berber. In recent times (1857) a Moroc- can Jew, Mordecai Abu Surur, has given informa- tion concerning such a Jewish Berber tribe known as the DAGGATUN, Whose members are very nu- merous and spread over the whole desert, although residing chiefly among the Tuaregs in the oasis of Ajaj. According to their own traditions, these Daggatun have lived in the Sahara since the end of the seventh century, when they were driven out of Tementit, their early home and the former capital of the Jewish Ber- bers, because they would not accept Islam. There is said to bea similar tribe called the Ma- hajri more to- ward the east ({Lorowitz, “ Ma- rokko,” p. 59, Leipsic, 1887; comp. JEW. EN- cro. iv. 410, 8.2. DAGGATUN). When, at the end of the sev- enth century, Morocco came under the do- minion of the Arabs, or of the Arabian califate of Bagdad, another incursion of Arab Jews into Morocco took place. The Moroccan Jews, like all other Jews in the Islamic em- pire, were subject to the Pact of Omar. The de- pendence of Morocco upon the cal- ifate of Bagdad ceased in the year 788, when, under the Imam Idris, the dynasty of the Idrisids, the descend- ants of Ali, was founded and proclaimed its inde- pendent rule over Morocco. The Jews undertook a political réle in the history of the subjection of Mo- rocco to Idris, the founder of this dynasty. After he had conquered Tangier and Volubilis, he wished to Induce the Jewish tribes, which were inclined to remain faithful to the calif of Bagdad, to join his army. To make them more pliant to his wishes he Nabe them to be attacked and robbed in some of eines as in Temesna, Chella, and Magada, yan the Jews of Tadla, Fazaz, and Shau- ann age Idris’ army under their general Ben- ikea €n Joshaphat ben Abiezer. After the com- ‘ad army had met with some successes, the Jews the way Tangier. Under the Idrisids. THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA rr NN Types of Moroccan Jewesses. (From paintings by Portaels.) Moritz Morocco withdrew, because they were horrified at the spilling of blood among those of their own tribesmen who were hostile to Idris and also because they hard been made suspicious by an officer in Idris’ army who wished to revenge himself upon Idris for adultery committed with his wife. The victorious Idris, however, took revenge by again falling upon them in theircities. Afteran unsuccessful resistance they had to conclude a peace with him, according to which they were required to pay an annual capita- tion-tax and to provide twenty-four virgins annually for Idris’ harem, Later traditions attribute even still greater indignities inflicted on the Jewesses of Morocco by the lust of Idris (Marcus Fischer, /.c. pp. 82 et seqg.). Idris II., successor of Idris I., al- lowed the Jews to settle in a special quarter of his capital, Fez (founded 808), in return for a tax of 30,000 dinars; in one of the many versions of the narrative of the founding of the city a Jew is men- tioned (see Frz). Moreover, at the end of the sev- enth century, under Idris [., Jews could settle in different cities of the realm by paying the above-men- tioned capita- tion-tax (“ Raud al-Kartas,” translated by A. Beaumier : “ His- toire des Souve- rains du Magh- reb,” p. 55, Paris, 1860). The position of the Jews was on the whole favorable under the later Idri- sids; under the Aghlabites, who overthrew the Idrisids in 986; under the Zirids, who drove out the Aghlabites; as also under the Al- moravids, who, under Yusuf ibn Tashfin, seized the government in 1062 and who provided many Jews with new homes, through the foundation in 1062 of their new residential city Marrakesh (Morocco). Indeed, in the period from 900 to Tetuan. Intellec- about 1150 an activity in the intel- tual lectual life of the Jewish commu- Activity. nities may be traced in many Moroc- can cities. The most important com- munity was that of Fez, to which JUDAH IBN KURAISH sent an open letter in regard to the study of the Talmud, and with which the geonim Sherira and Hai ben Sherira carried on a halakic corre- spondence (Zunz, “ Ritus,” p. 58; comp. also Har- kavy, “Teshubot ha-Ge’onim,” No. 47, p. 24; No. 386, p. 200). Here in Fez the father of the gaon SAMUEL IBN HoFnt was activeas a Talmud scholar and ab bet din (Zunz, J.c. p. 191; Steinschneider, “Hebr. Bibl.” xx. 182). Here, in the tenth century, were born the philologists DUNASH BEN LABRAT and Judah ben David Hayyvus (¢. 950) and, in the Morocco year 1018, in a village near Fez, the halakist Isaac ALFASI; all these were educated in Fez. Here the writings of Saadia appear to have been studied; for two scholars of Fez—Abudani and David—brought thence Saadia’s “ Yezirah ” commentary to Kairwan for Jacob ben Nissim (see “Orient, Lit.” 1845, vi. 563), who had not previously known of the work. Segelmesa, like Fez, had an academy, whose roslhi bet din at one time was Joseph ben Amram. The latter sent his learned pupils to one of the academies of Babylon in order to obtain legal decisions (see Harkavy, /.c. Nos. 68, 288, pp. 88 et seq.). It wasalso in Segelmesa that Solomon ben Nathan in the elev- enth or twelfth century wrote his siddur in Arabic with a philosophical introduction (Neubauer, “Cat. Bod). Hebr. MSS.” Nos. 896-899), the dependence of which work upon that of Saadia leads to the con- clusion that the latter’s influence had taken root in Africa at an early period (Zunz, lc. pp. 27-54). Abraham ibn Ezra in an elegy on the trials of the Jews in Spain and in the northern part of Africa appears to have extolled Segelmesa with good rea- son asa city of wise men and of Talmudic learn- ing (Neubauer, in “Isr. Letterbode,” vi. 32; Jacob Egers, “Divan des Abra- ham ibn Ezra,” p. 69, No. 169, Berlin, 1886). In the same poem Dra‘a (Drah) appears asa seat of Jew- ish learning, together with Ceuta and Mequinez. From Dra‘aa certain Mar Dunash addressed halakic questions to Isaac Alfasi (see Harkavy, Je. No. 443, p. 2385). Harkavy re- marks (/.¢c. p. 892) that if this Dunash is identical with the Dunash living in Seville, who is mentioned by Joseph ibn Migash, he, as well as Alfasi, must have emigrated from northern Africa to the south of Spain. The Jews of Morocco were of course chiefly Rabbinites, although in Dra‘a and Fez there were a few Karaites (Neubauer, “ Where Are the Ten Tribes?” in “J. Q. R.” i. 110). The tolerance enjoyed by the tribute-paying Jews and Christians in the cities of Morocco came to an end under the intolerant dynasty of the stern Al- mohades, who came into power in 1146. Non-Mo- hammedans were to be tolerated no longer; Jews and Christians were compelled either to Under accept Islam or to leave the country. the Almo- Here, as in other parts of northern hades. Africa, many Jews who shrank from emigrating pretended to embrace Is- lam. Maimonides, who was staying in Fez with his father, is said to have written to the communities THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Moroccan Jewess. (From a photograph.) es 20 ~~ to comfort and encourage his brethren and fellow believers in this sore time of oppression (see Ibn Verga, “Shebet Yehudah,” ed. Wiener, p. 50). In the above-mentioned elegy of Abraham ibn Ezra, which appears to have been written at the com. mencement of the period of the Almohades, aud which is found in a Yemen siddur among the Kinot prescribed for the Ninth of Ab, the Moroccan cities Ceuta, Mequinez, Dra‘a, Fez, and Segelmesa are ¢s. pecially emphasized as being exposed to great per- secution. Joseph ha-Kohen (“‘Emek ha-Baka,” ed, Wiener, p. 20) relates that no remnant of Israel was left from Tangier to Mehedia. Moreover, the later Almohades were no longer content with the repetition of a mere formula of belief in the unity of God and in the prophetic calling of Mohammed, Abn Yusuf Ya‘kub al-Mansur, the third Almohadic prince, suspecting the sincerity of thesupposedly con- verted Jews, compelled them to wear distinguish. ing garments, with a very noticeable yellow cloth for a head-covering ; from that time forward the clothing of the Jews formed an im- portant subject in the legal regulations concerning them (see BapGe). The reign of the Almohades on the whole (1146-1269) exercised a most disas- trous and enduring influ- ence on the position of the Moroccan Jews. Already branded externally, by their clothing, as unbe- lievers, they furthermore became the objects of uni- versal scorn and of violent despotic caprice; and out of this condition they have not succeeded in raising themselves, even down to the present day. After the Almohades the Merinids ruled in Mo- rocco until they were over- thrown by the Saadites in the fifteenth century. During the murderous scenes which were enacted in 1391 in Seville and were repeated in a large part of Spain and then across the seain Majorca, the Spanish Jews were glad to seize the first opportunity to emigrate to the northern coast of Africa in order to escape the alternate Immigra- evils, death or the acceptance of tion of Christianity. A hundred years later. Spanish when the Jews were driven out of and Portu- Spain (1492) and Portugal (1496), the gueseJews. sudden inroad upon Morocco and the whole of northern Africa was repeated on avery much larger scale. This unexpected flood of Spanish immigrants, which soon caused over: crowding in the larger cities of Morocco, aroused uneasiness both among the Mohammedans, wh? feared an increase in the price of necessities, and THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 21 ng the Jews already settled there, who had te parely succeeded in gaining a livelihood by ne handicrafts and in petty commerce. In NO gition to this unfriendly reception, the newcomers ; dtoendure much from both great and small rulers ee for booty, as well as from the rough Moorish population (see Ibn Verga, Uc. pp. 185 et seq.). In Sale in 1442 many Jewesses were outraged; and in alcazar-kebir the Jews were robbed of all they pos- cessed. Many died of hunger or fell a prey to lions; come returned to Spain (td. p. 226); most fled to Fez, where new trials awaited them. A terrible conflagration occurred in the Jewish quarter of that city, from which the his- torian of these events, Abraham ben Solomon of Torrutiel, then eleven years of age, escaped (sec nis “Sefer ha-Kabbalah ” in Neubauer, “M. J.C.” * 112 e¢ seg.). A famine broke out soon after the fire, during which more than 20,000 Jews died in and around Fez. Not- withstanding these unto- ward events, the secret Jews or Maranos who were left in Spain and Portugal and who were determined toremain true to their faith under all circumstances so little feared the dangers and trials of removing to a foreign country that Emanuel the Great, King of Pertugal (1495-1521), felt obliged to forbid the Jews to emigrate, espe- clally to territory under the dominion of the Moors, without express royal per- mission. This prohibition was contained in two ordi- nances dated respectively April 20 and April 24, 1499. Nevertheless with the aid of money and the exercise of shrewdness many Maranos succeeded in escaping to Africa. A certain Goncalo of Loulé was heavily fined because Jewess of Tangier, Morocco. (From a photograph in the possession of Maurice Herrmann, New York.) Morocco sions on the Moroccan coast and to gain new ones. Through the strategy of a Jewish physician the Portuguese in 1508 succeeded in conquering the old seaport town of Saffee, which had a large number of Jewish inhabitants and which, chiefly through them, had become an important commercial center (20, pp. 155 et seg.). Two years later the same city, upon the reconquest. of which the Moors had been steadily intent, was besieged by a large Moorish army. Thereupon two Portuguese Jews, Isaac Bencemero and a certain Ismail, brought assistance to the besieged with two ships manned by corelig- ionists and equipped at their own cost (76.3; see BENCEMERO, Isaac). In Saffee the Jews were al- lowed to live as such by Emanuel’s permission; also in Arzilla (after 1533), which had long been a Portuguese possession, In the quarrels which after- ward took place between the Mocrs and the gov- ernors of Azamur (1526), Abraham ben Zamaira and Abraham Cazan, the most influential Jew in Aza. mur(1528), served the Por- tuguese as negotiators (2d. p. 161). The Jews Abra- ham and Samuel Cabeca of Morocco also had dealings with the Portuguese gen- erals, When, in 1578, the young king Scbastian with almost his) whole army met death, and Por- tugal saw the end of her glory, at Alcazar-kebir, the few nobles who re- mained were taken captive and sold to the Jewsin Fez and Morocco. The Jews received the Portuguese knights, their former coun- trymen, into their houses very hospitably and let many of them go free on the promise that they would send back their ran- som from Portugal (7. p. 260). The numerous ‘newly immigrated Jews, he secretly transported Neo-Christians from Algarvé | whose descendants have faithfully adhered to the 0 Al-Araish on the coast of Morocco (Kayserling, Gesch. der Juden in Portugal,” pp. 148 et seq., Berlin, 1865), A new group of Maranos was brought to Morocco through the definite establishment of the Inquisi- tion in Portugal under Pope Paul II. Relation of in 1536 (26. p. 217). But in spite of all Portu- the suffering which Portugal had Suese Jews. brought upon the Jews, there yet re- mained enough patriotism in the hearts rejected Jewish sons to cause them to help Ormer oppressors to preserve their old posses- of her their f + use of their Spanish dialect down to the present day, and who far surpassed the older Jewish inhab- itants of Morocco in education and in intellectual acquirements, come into the foreground in the fol- lowing period of the history of Judaism in Morocco. With their skill in European commerce, in arts and handicrafts, much of which had hitherto been un- known to the Moors, and with their wealth, they contributed largely to the great rise and develop- ment of the Moroccan kingdom under the sherifs of Tafilet, who began to rule in 1550 (see G. B. Ramusio in Leo Africanus, “The History and De- Morocco THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 22 scription of Africa,” ed. R. Brown, iii. 1004, London, 1896). In the middle of the seventeenth century the Jews in Morocco were powerfully affected by the Mes- sianic movement which Shabbethai Messianic Zebi had brought about especially in Hopes. = the Orient. In 1666 the coming of the Messiah was expected here as every- where else in Isracl. For several years the fast-day commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem was celebrated as a day of feasting. Prayer-houses were changed into drinking-saloons; all mourning was turned into joy. The warning written by Jacob Sasportas, who had been rabbi in Sale for some time, against the Messianic pretensions of Shabbethai Zebi was intercepted by Ibn Saadon, a zealous ad- herent of Shabbethai in Sale (Gratz, “Gesch.” x. 231). The governor of Sale persecuted the Jews of that city because they too plainly showed their hopes in a speedy redemption (2d. p. 216), so that many were ob- liged toemigrate (Jacob Saspor- tas, “Zizat No- bel,” p. 8b). But neither this ex- pulsion nor the apostasy of Shabbethai Zebi to Islamappears to have influ- enced the Messi- anic beliefs of the Jews in Sale; for, as is related by a French traveler who left Paris July 31, 1670, to visit the “Caribbee Is- lands in Amer- ica,” but was taken captive and brought to Sale by two Moorish priva- teers, a Dutch ship from Amsterdam came to Sale while he was there, having on board Dutch Jews who proclaimed that the long-looked-for Messiah would be born in Holland at the beginning of the ensu- ing year (1672). “The Jews, hearing of this good news, made a second Feast. of Tabernacles, and held a general rejoicing and treating for eight days to- gether” (T. B. Teller, “The Travels of the Sieur Mouette in the Kingdom of Fez and Morocco,” in “A New Collection of Voyages and Travels into Several Parts of the World,” ii. 11), This contemporary narrative gives the following account of the position of the Jews: “In every town they have a cheque (sheikh] or chief of their own, either chosen by them orappointed by the king; and this cheque raises the taxes which every house pays the king. They seldom go alone into the country, because the Arabs and barbarians generally cut the throats of Jews; and there is scarcely ever justice done to them in that country. If they talk much in 1 | | | | Gate Leading to the Mellah of Damnat, Morocco. (From a photograph.) their own defense before a governor—for every one pleads his own cause in Barbary without counselors or lawyers—he makes his guards buffet them, When they bury any of their number, the boys beat and throw stones at them, spit in their faces, and give them a thousand curses, Among themselves they exercise wonderful charity toward their poor, never suffering them to beg, their cheque taxing every family according to its ability to pay.” This picture was drawn during the rule of Muley Arshid (Al-Rashid), with whom a new collateral line of the dynasty of the Alids, the Filali sherifs, had come to the throne. The Jews Under Mu- suffered much during the great con- ley Arshid quests of Muley Arshid, who united and Mu- theseparate parts of Morocco into one ley Ismail. single state, and wished to add to itall the northwestern lands of Africa. te is We) Pa WZ 4 “ jt ‘ea condition | ; made known by Map of Morocco Showing Chief Towns Where Jews Reside. which traced its ancestry back to Nehemiah. Modena. Morocco Morosini protected city families. Many of the synagogues are only private houses fitted up for purposes of worship, aud the scrolls of the Law Syna- arethe only articles of value on the gogues Are premises, Light is supplied by the Neglected. rudest of oil-lamps or a wick float- ing ina large tumbler of water, Fre- quently even the women’s gallery is absent, and the house of prayer serves also as a store, a living-room, and evena place of business. The teaching of youths is conducted there or in the street in a primitive manner by meanly clad rabbis, whose learning is of the shallowest, but who eke out a living as sho- hetim and mohelim, The morals of these people, save in the matter of drunkenness, are certainly above those of their Mos- lem neighbors, and in consequence they are remark- ably free from the diseases which their neigh- bors bring upon = — themselves. x we ? \| This is to some (} extent account- | ed for by the | Tangier# ictus | val almost equally . Ona. || prejudicial sys- Fen tem of child marriages which prevails in the interior, where they usually \ sige take place at the rh ee: " Pte NV ages of six to - A“ eight. The lit- tle bride comes home to the house of her hus- band’s parents, and her changed is MEDITERRANEAN { : , Strait of oy). Se - ss Cibrey ar 36° SEA s rere 7 abate ~ i Aselimur ; “7 Casablan a SA | A ae. 1a the kerchief | with which ; henceforth her hair must be hid- den. At twelve she may become Greenwich a mother; but her husband, usually her senior by a few years, may by this time have become tired of her, and, if he can afford it, may put her away and take another. Bigamy is not common; and the descendants of the families expelled from Spain permit it only when the first wife consents. D. B. M. MOROSINI, GIULIO (SAMUEL BEN NAHMIAS B. DAVID B. ISAAC B. DAVID BA‘AL TESHUBAH): Italian convert from Ju- daism to Christianity; born at Venice 1612; died in He was descended from a wealthy family fis great-grandfather left Spain on the expulsion of the 1687. Jews by Ferdinand the Catholic, and went succes- sively to Albania and Salonica. His grandfather Isaac later settled in Venice; and the boy Samuel was a pupil of the rabbi of that city, Leon of In 1649 Samucl was present at a disputa- Morpurgo Mortality THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 30 tion held in Venice between two Jews (one of whom had become a Christian) and relating to the “seventy weeks” of Daniel. He then, together with his brother Joseph, decided to embrace Christianity, and was baptized Nov. 22 of the same year, his godfather being Angelo Morosini, whose name he took. His wife refused to change her faith. Samucl went to Rome under Alexander VIT, in- tending to becume a Capuchin monk, but was dis- suaded by the pope. Clement LX. appointed him Hebrew “scrittore” of the Vatican Library ; and he taught that language in the Propaganda. He was the author of a work entitled “Derek Emunah ” (Rome, 1683). It has as frontispiece a portrait of the author at the age of seventy-two, and is preceded by a sketch of his life. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bartolocel, Bill. Magna Rab. iii. 404: Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. i., No. 2140. ay I. G. MORPURGO: Austro-Italian family, originally from Marburg, Styria. Carlo Morpurgo: Italian writer; born June 20, 1841, at Cairo, Egypt. He has published the follow- ing works: “ Mosaico Poetico” ; “Caio Marzio Corio- Jano”; “Seene Romane”; “Un Incontro Fatale.” BIBLIOGRAPHY: De Gubernatis, Dizionaria,. Emilio Morpurgo: Italian economist and dep- uty; secretary-general in the Ministry of Agricul- ture; born at Padua in 1836; died there Feb. 15, 1485. Of his works the following deserve special mention: “Saggi Statistici ed Economici sul Ve- neto”; “La Statistica e le Scienze Sociale”; * II Dazio sul Macinato”; “L’Istruzione ‘Tecnica in Italia”; “La Legislazione Rurale”; “ La Finanza”; “Marco Forscarini e la Repubblica Venezia nel Se- colo XVIIT.”; “La Democrazia e Ja Scuola.” BIBLIOGRAPHY: Jl Vessillo Israeltitico, 1885, p. 85. Giuseppe Lazzaro Morpurgo: Italian econo- mist; born at Triest in 1762; died there Aug. 11, 1885. Ue founded in Triest the first Austrian life- insurance company, under the name “ Assecurazioni Generali,” now one of the greatest insurance com- panies of the world. He wrote Hebrew poetry of some merit, and took, as president of the Jewish community of Triest, anactive part in Jewish affairs. Rahel Morpurgo: Italian poetess; cousin of 8. D. Luzzatto; born at Triest in 1790; died there Sept., 1871. At the age of twelve she was able to read in Hebrew Bahya’s “Hobot ha-Lebabot,” and at fourteen’the Talmud. At the age of eighteen she began to write poetry. A complete collection of her Hebrew poems and letters was edited by Vit- torio Castiglione under the title “‘Ugab Rahel” (Cracow, 1890), on the occasion of the centenary of her birth. 8, ban OF MORPURGO, SAMSON BEN JOSHUA MOSES: Italian rabbi, physician, and liturgist: born at Gradiska, Austria, in 1681; died at Ancona April 12, 1740. When a boy of seven he was taken by his father to Venice, where he received his ele- mentary education. He then studied in the Uni- versity of Padua, and graduated as doctor of medi- cine. In 1704 Morpurgo published in Venice his 8 A A AP i en “"Ez ha-Da‘at,” a philosophical commentary on Jedaiah Bedersi’s “ Behinat ha-"Olam.” At the end of this work was printed a satire upon the caba- lists by Jacob Frances, on account of which Mor- purgo was persecuted by the rabbis of Padua. At the same time he devoted himself to the study of the Talmud and rabbinics, and in 1709 he obtained arabbi’s diploma from Leon Briel. chief rabbi of Mantua (Preface to Morpurgo’s “Shemesh Zeda- kah”). Soon afterward he was associated in the rabbinate of Ancona with Joseph Fiametta, whose son-in-law he subsequently became. After Fia- metta’s death (1721) Morpurgo was sole rabbi of Ancona; and he continued in office till his death. Morpurgo enjoyed much consideration as a dis- tinguished rabbi; his objections to certain rabbin- ical decrees are to be found in De Rossi, “ Biblio- theca Antichristiana,” p. 63; and an approbation of his, of 1716, was inserted by Lampronti in hig “Pahad Yizhak,” i. 85b, s.¢. D3'N. He corresponded with Abraham Segre and Moses Hagiz concerning Moses Hayyim Luzzatto (see “Kerem Hemed,” iii, 149). Morpurgo proved a skilful physician during an epidemic of influenza at Ancona in 1730; and in recognition of his services he was presented witha testimonial by Benedict TV., who was Archbishop of Ancona. Morpurgo left a number of responsa on the tour parts of the Shulhan ‘Aruk, which were published, With notes and preface, by his son Moses Hayyim Shabbethai (Venice, 1743). [Ie was also the author of a prayer beginning “ Anna ha-El ha-Gadol ha- Gibbor weha-Nora,” to be recited by persons visiting the cemetery. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Carmoly, in Revue Orientale, ii. 473; First, Bibl. Jud, ti. 891. Mortara, Dicice, p. 42; De Rossi, Dizio- nario, ii, 64; Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 2637; Zunz, Literaturgesch, p. 448: idem, in Liebermann, Deutseher Volkskalender, 1853, p. 68. M. SEL. Ww. B. MORRISON, LEWIS: American actor, born at Jamaica, W. J., 1845. Morrison removed to the United States before his twentieth year and on the outbreak of the Civil War enlisted in the Federal Army. He served four years as an officer and after being mustered out, he went on the stage, appearing in 1865 with Lawrence Barrett af the Varieties Theater, New Orleans. Subse- quently he played “Iago” to Salvini’s “ Othello,” and supported Edwin Forrest, Edwin Booth, and Charlotte Cushman, Some years ago he formed a courpany and produced “Faust” with suecess, In later vears his leading r6le had been Wepsistopheles. His wife was Florence Roberts; his daughter Rosa- bel is an actress. Wedied Aug. 18, 1906. BIBLIOGRAPHY: JV¥ho's Who i America, 1903-5. A. BE. Ms, MORSE, GODFREY: American lawyer; brother of Leopold Morse ; born at Wachenheim, in Rhenish Bavaria, May 19, 1846; he removed to America in Sept., 1854, and went to Boston, where he attended the Brimmer Grammar School, the English High School, and the Public Latin School. He was graduated from Harvard College with the degree of B.A. in 1870, and from the Har- vard Law School in 1872, receiving the degree of 31 B. In 1890 Tufts College conferred on him the ; ecreeof M.A. Morse taught English lit- ‘ature fOr a short time in the Evening High School, one he was admitted to practise law before aoe Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusctts, J uly 59.1873, the United States Circuit Court Oct. 2, 1874, at rhe Supreme Court of the United States Feb. 3, LL. honerary d ao ys. : From 1876 to 1878 Morse was a member of the School Committee of the city of Boston; from 1882 te 1883 he served as member of the common council ; gud he was elected president of that council on June 18, 1883. During the years 1882, 1888, and 1884 he was assistant counsel of the United States in the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims. In isk? he was elected a member of the board of trustees of the Boston Dental College: and in Sept., 1896, was chosen delegate to the National Democratic Convention, Which met at Indianapolis. From 1897 to 1898 Morse was chairman of the Massachusetts State Committee of the National Democratic (Gold) party, as well as chairman of the Boston City Com- mittee of that party; later he was president of the Leopold Morse Home for Infirm Hebrews and Orphanage, vice-president of the Boston Home for Incurables, vice-president of the Elysium Club, president of the Purim Association, and a director and trustee of a Jarge number of other charitable organizations. He died June 20, 1911. A, MORSE, LEOPOLD: American congressman ; merchant; born at Wachenheim, Rhenish Bavaria, Aug, 15, 1831; died in Boston, Mass., Dec. 15, 1892. He attended the school of his native town until he was thirteen years old. Five years later he emi- grated to the United States (1849) and took up his residence at Tamworth, N. H., where he went to school fora short time. Soonafterward he removed to New Bedford, Mass., where he started in the re- tail clothing business in a store on Water street. In 1851 he moved to Boston and resided there until his death. In that city he laid the foundation of a very large and successful business. Morse was five times elected to the House of Rep- resentatives of the United States Congress, winning his election each time as a Democrat in a district having a supposedly Republican majority. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions held in 1872 and 1876. Morse founded the Boston Home for Infirm He- brews and Orphanage, situated in Mattapan, a sub- urb of Boston (the first Jewish institution of the Kind in New England), the name of which was changed after his death, by an act of the legislature of Massachusetts, to the “Leopold Morse Home for Infirm Hebrews and Orphanage.” A, MORTALITY: Death-rate. The bulk of the Jews are known to live in the most overcrowded and ubsanitary sections of cities in Europe and America, and would, a priori, be expected to show a higher Yate of mortality than their non-Jewish neighbors. But, paradoxical as it may at first appear, wherever Statistics are available it is conclusively shown that their death-rates are much lower than those of the Taces and peoples among whom they dwell, notwith- Standing the fact that the latter live generally under THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Morpurgo Mortality better sanitary, hygienic, and social conditions. The mortality of infants depends in a great measure on the social and sanitary environment; yet most of the available data indicate a very low infant mor- tality among Jews as compared with the surround- ing non-Jews. J. G. Hoffmann (“ Betrachtuugen iiber den Zustand der Juden im Preussischen Staat,” in “Sammlung Kleiner Schriften Staatswissen- schaftlichen Inhalts,” pp. 830 e¢ seq., Berlin, 1843) was the first to point out that such ts the case in Prussia. From his figures it is seen that while among Christians nearly one-fifth of Mortality all the legitimate children (including of still-births) dic before they reach their Children. fifth year, the mortality of both legit- imate and illegitimate children of Jewish extraction is less than one-sixth of the num- ber of births. It must be remembered that the death-rate of illegitimate children is very high, and that these are included in the statistics of the Jews, but are excluded from those of the Christians. The number of illegitimates among Jews is, however, very small. The same author also points out that 174 out of every 1,000 Christian children in Prussia (1822-40) died before they reached the end of the first year of their existence, while the death-rate among the Jewish infants was only 129 in 1,000. In the same manner it is shown by F. J. Neumann (“Die Sterblichkeit Ehelicher und Unehelicher Kinder, Insbesondere Innerhalb der Jiidischen Be- vélkerung in Baden,” in “Jahrbiicher fiir Gesetzge- bung, Verwaltung, und Volkswirthschaft,” 1877, i, 151-164) in Baden that the infant mortality was much lower among the Jews than among the rest of the population, as may be seen from the follow- ing table: INFANT MORTALITY IN BADEN. Catholies. — — ——— Protestants. Jews. BRO Baie 1864 | 1871 | 1864 | 1st) | 1864 | 1872 to to to to to to 1870. | 1873. | 1870. | 1873. | 1870, | 18735. First W6@K.. 6 cisaeeenas 2.95; 2.80; 4.37 | 4.21) 2.43) 2.82 Second week........... 2.00| 2001 275:| 2.62). 148) 188 Third week,......c.06. 1.90! 2.01; 2.68; 2.61] 1.68] 1.29 Fourth week...........; 116{| 1.06) 1.40] 1.28] O87 | O.81 Pirst MONG: sisal. | 8.26) 7.93 (121110711 6.738) 5.78 First half-year .,....... | 9.54 | 19.40 | 22.99 | 22.79 | 15.00 | 18.89 First, G06 i200 cvsiee ss 4 | 25.69 | 25.25 | 28.83 | 28.46 | 16.88 | 17.61 I From these figures it is evident that the infant mor- tality among the Jews was from 8 to 10 per cent lower than among the Christians, aud that the chances of surviving the first, the so-called “ critical,” year were much greateramong the Jewish children. The same author elicited also, from the mortality statistics of Baden for 1882, that the death-rate, in- cluding still-births, was 22 per cent among the Jews, as against 28 per cent among the Protestants, and 31 per cent among the Catholics. The following was the infant mortality of Posen in 100 total deaths: During the first year of life: Catholics, 33.14; Protestants, 31.35; Jews, 23.12. During the first ten years of life: Catholics, 56.33; Protestants, 53; Jews, 45.12 (“ Sterblichkeitsverhalt- nisse der Stadt Posen,” in “ Vierteljahreschrift ftir Mortality THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 32 + ee eee ce eee Gerichtliche Medicin,” 1869, pp. Magdeburg Bergman (“Die Sterblichkeitsverhait- nisse der Stadt Magdeburg,” 1858, p. 94) records that from 1827 to 1856 the mortality during the first year of life, excluding still-births, was as fol- lows: Among the Jewish boys 14, among the Chris. tian boys 24; among the Jewish girls 13, and among the Christian girls 21. In Amsterdam the mortality of children under five years of age was 8.85 per cent among the Jews and 11.52 per cent among the Christian popula- tion. In Frankfort-on-the-Main, also, the mortality of Jewish children under the age of five was not one-half so high as that of the Christians. Glat- ter has shown that in Vienna the mortality of in- fants during the first five months of life was as fol- lows: First month: Jews 8.3, Christians 16.1; second and third months: Jews 15.0, Christians 17.7; fourth and fifth months: Jews 45.6, Christians 52.8. Wolff reports that among Christians 591 legiti- mate children out of 1,000 reach the fourteenth year of life, while among the Jews 802 reach this age (“Ueber die Kindersterblichkeit,” Erfurt, 1874). Mayer shows that in Firth during a In Ger- period of ten years the Jews lost by many and death 10 in 100 children from one to England. five years old, while the Christians lost 14 (“ Ueber die Lebenserwartung der Israelitischen Bevélkerung Gegeniiber der Christlichen,” in “ Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir die Sta- tistik,” 1868, xxi. 2). In France Neufville found conditions to be the same. During the first five years of life 12.9 in 100 children of Jews die; of 100 children of Christians 24.1 die. In Italy Lombroso shows that in Verona the infant mortality of the Catholics is nearly double that of the Jews. In his work, “London Pauperism,” Stallard says that the mortality among Jewish children from one to five years of age is only 10 per cent, while among the Christians it reaches 14 per cent. J. M. Rhodes, at the meeting of the British Medical Association in 1892, presented figures showing that the infant mor- tality in Manchester, England, reached 198 per 1,000; but in the district of Cheetham, which is largely inhabited by Jews, the death-rate was only 124-—less than two-thirds of the average for all the districts of the city. The same has been shown to be true of London by various expert witnesses in their testimony before the Royal Alien Immigration Commission. A. Ruppin reports that in Prussia in 1882 the pro- portion per 1,000 children (including still-births) that survived the first year of life was as shown in the following table: — = ———S es | | Deaths per Boys Girls. 1,000 Births, Both Sexes. Protestants......... 153 789 229 GAtHONCS. (ic tanec 138 | 796 223 POWS cer aoeh cote eer 814 | 843 171 In Bulgaria, according to H. Rimalovsky (“Zur Statistik der Bulgarischen Juden,” in Nossig, “Ji- dische Statistik,” pp. 316-321, Berlin, 1908), the mor- 269-280). In tality of children per 1,000 population was ag follows: MorrabLiry OF CHILDREN IN BULGARIA. aS eS ee | Ages in Years. | Less ! ~ | wee ae or Pe | tian 1, | 1 tod. | 6 to 10, | 10 to 15, DOMES. ca tiawi sae danas ; @f 4° 380°) Be | ae Greek Catholies......; 62 | 12.0 | ee i Mohammedans...... 4.6 16.0 17.0 1.2 Armenians..........,5 90 ; 1.0 | 15 | O07 | —_-- a ————= This shows that during the first year of life the mortality of Jewish infants is higher than that of the non-Jewish children (excepting Armenian); but that in succeeding years the death-rate of In Bul- the Jews is lower. In Poland also it garia and has been found that during the first Poland. year of life the mortality of Jewish in- fants is higher than among the Cath- olic population of thatcountry. Thusaccording to Leo Wengierow (“ Die Juden im Kénigreich Polen,” in Nossig,, Z.c. pp. 293-810) the death-rate per 1,000 births during the first year of life among the Cath- olics was 140, and among the Jews 1438. This ap- peared rather strange to Wengierow, considering the fact that love for their offspring is very highly developed in Jewish parents as compared with the Catholic population of Poland, He, however, shows that the cause of this high mortality is to be sought in the distribution of deaths according to sex, which shows the following significant results: Against 100 girls of Catholic parentage 107 boys die; against 100 girls of Jewish parentage 132 boys die. More boys are born to Jews than to non-Jews (see BirtTHs); and the mortality of males is also larger among Jewish infants. Wengicrow attributes this to the lack of antiseptic precautions during the ritual circumcision of Jewish boys. Thisisarather far-fetched conclusion, not sustained by statistics of septic infection of boys due to circumcision, The same conditions have been found to pre- vail in Galicia. Kitz presents figures showing that during 1882 the death-rates of children under five years of age were as follows: Roman Catholics, 51 per cent; Protestants, 53.6 per cent; and Jews, 56.6 per cent. For Bukowina, Schimmer’s statis- tics are: MorrTaLity OF CHILDREN IN BUKOWINA. ; t t Jews. Non-Jews. Age. | [x Boys Girls. | Boys Girls. One yearand under.} 41.9 Bed 40.6 34.9 First to fifth year.... 18.2 20.5 14.8 15.8 Fifth to tenth * aa 3.5 4.2 4.4 4.7 The cause assigned for the great mortality of Jewish children in Galiciaand Bukowina is that the propor- tion of illegitimacy is very large among the Jews in these countries, and the death-rate of Jewish illegit- imate children in general is much higher than that of legitimate children. But the apparent frequency of illegitimacy among these Jews is due to the prac- 33 ae of omitting civil registration of marriages among ee in the small towns, as has been pointed out by ne Kitz and Schimmer (see BIRTHS). In Russia. In Russia the infant mortality of the Jews in the Pale of Settlement is much lower than that of the Christians. According to the figures of the census of 1897 (see 2 Voskhod,” March, 1904, pp. 116-117) the age distribution per 100 total deaths was as follows: wm 7 E wa E Th Age. @ ns Age z e 5 5 & Ria Sc a Y a) ie eS a eae ae | - + 2 ear.....| 40.91 | 25.68 || 80 to 40 years....| 3.63 | 4.93 De ari ...{ 21.10 | 22.06 |; 40to50 | 8.9L | 4.98 Btol0 ** voees 4.88] 4.81 || 50to60 “ ....] 4.75 | 6.7 Ww to15 Sf weee-{ 292) 2.64 || 60 to 70 oo | 5.94 | 7.99 1p to20 ‘asses 1.82] 3.00}; 70to80 “ ....| 5.00 | 7.34 20t030 ‘* ....-| 3.85} 6.01 || 80 to 90 eh Bll Re rin sree ce na Nea ee ee eee eee Le This table shows that during the first year of life only 25.68 per cent of Jews die, as against 40.91 per cent of Christians. From 1 to 10 years of age the death-rate is about the same for Jews and Chris- tians. After the age of ten the percentage of deaths is perceptibly larger among the Jews. The low mortality of Jewish infants in the Pale of Settlement is also seen from the following table, which gives the number of deaths during the first year of life per 100 births: Deatrus oF INFANTS IN PALE OF SETTLEMENT. Deaths per 100 Births. Months. - Christians. Jews. Under Lmonthes